HBS1HBB Introduction to Anatomy PDF

HBS1HBB – Introduction to Anatomy: The secretory membrane system allows cells to regulate delivery of newly synthesized proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids to the cell surface—a necessity for growth and homeostasis Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure of the body in relation to its function...

HBS1HBB – Introduction to Anatomy: The secretory membrane system allows cells to regulate delivery of newly synthesized proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids to the cell surface—a necessity for growth and homeostasis Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure of the body in relation to its function Embryology – development Antomical fact is an isolated observation or statement – don’t convey information to function Concepts – structures or events each with common defining characteristics (what, where, why) Principle – generalisation about recurring patterns The heart Fact – pumps blood around the body – it is an internal organ Concept: A hollow visceral organ with walls composed of cardiac muscle, the heart is contained within the thoracic cavity, it relies on electrical impulse, as well as high/low pressure systems to move blood throughout itself and the body – this is to keep the body oxygenated and remove excess carbon dioxide - Principle (apply structure reflects function)– works with pressure gradients much like lungs in the respiratory system – the hollow chambers fill with blood which is pumped around the body via contractions of muscular walls Anatomical Relations The relationship of an anatomical structure can be described within terminology of what is relative or otherwise… what is lying anterior, posterior, superior, inferior Antrerior – front ; posterior – back Superior – towards the top ; Inferior - towards the bottom Attachment of limb in terms of the arm proximal is the shoulder – distal the fingers Medial – middle ; lateral – the side Superficial – towards the skin ; deep – towards organs Left – side of heart ; right Heart is deep to sternum - Distal - Lateral - Anterior - Superior - Superficial Plane of Reference Eyes forward Palms and toes forward Sagittal – mid plane (divides the body into left and right) Coronal plane – frontal plane (front and back) Transverse - horizontal plane (top and bottom) Movement Terminology: Flexion – contracting ; extension – extend Dorsiflexion – toes up ; plantar – toes down Abduction – away from body ; adduction – towards the body Pronation – palm facing down ; supernation – palm facing up Circumduction – a circle Depression – down (open) and elevation Protraction – forward jaw and retraction – back jaw Body tissues Four types of basic tissue Epithelial – layer (covers) connective – provides support muscle - contraction Nervous – supply information/current (control) Epithelial Characteristics: -specialised connection between other epithelial cells -one free surface -connective tissue is supporting epithelial - has a nerve supply (innervated) however no blood vessels (avascular) -regenerative properties Squamous – squished If layered becomes stratified Characteristically outside also oesophagus and trachea -hair like projections on cell Connective tissue: Made of : -specialised cells -fibres (collagen, elastin, reticular) -ground substance >fibres and ground substance will make the extracellular matrix which is what is outside the cell Classify Connective Properties are -loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose) -dense connective tissue (deep fascia (under skin/subcut layer), tendon, and ligament) Cartilage (hyaline and fibrocartilage ) Bone (compact, cancellous (spongey) Blood Loose connective tissue Semifluid or gelatinous ground substance ; there are a multitude of cells present loose arrangement of fibres (collagen and elastin running through) appears full of holes (areolar) Where loose connective tissue is found in adipose tissue Around viscera (deep organs) Dense connective tissue Fibres are predominarly characterized by tendon, ligment and deep facsia (subcut>) Deep fascia will be irregular dense connective tissue as the area is needed to be moved, stretched, etc in a multitude of directions Cartilage -dense ground substance will be most obvious feature -cells are to be contained within smaller spaces (lacunae) within the ground substance -tough and malleable Fibrocartilage Found where strength is needed Bone Increasing density in ground substance and adding calcium will make bone Calcified matrix (the intracellular matrix has been hardened by deposition/conversion of calcium) Cells are found in lacunae (as small holes have to be present due to bone) Compact and Cancellous bone -compact bone has a circular feature and is dense (compact) -going deeper into the bone (to an area that looks irregular) is cancellous (spongey) Dense – irregular – hyaline – fibrocartilage – compact – cancellous Common components – specialised cells, fibres, ground components TissueRepair Tissue growth and repair depends on blood supply Cartilage and epidermis (Dermis has very good supply) are avascular Dense tissue is poorly vasculariised due to density of tissue Good spply is bone and loose cconnective tissye Medical imaging