Anatomy and Cell Biology Basics
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes a position that is lying face down?

  • Prone (correct)
  • Supine
  • Lateral
  • Inferior

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

  • Regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell (correct)
  • Provides structural support to the cell
  • Stores genetic information
  • Facilitates energy production

Which part of the cell contains the genetic information?

  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Nucleus (correct)

In anatomical terms, what does 'proximal' mean?

<p>Closest to the point of origin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Golgi Apparatus serve in a cell?

<p>Receives protein from the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the coronal plane divide the body into?

<p>Anterior and posterior parts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane of section divides the body into upper and lower parts?

<p>Transverse plane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body regions does the sagittal plane separate?

<p>Right and left regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding body planes?

<p>The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left parts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the coronal plane?

<p>It separates superior from inferior parts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of centrioles in cells?

<p>Assisting in cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is responsible for connecting muscles to bones?

<p>Tendons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

<p>Regulating cell growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mitochondria within a cell?

<p>Producing energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue acts primarily as a storage depot for excess food and thermal insulation?

<p>Adipose tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin contains an abundance of blood vessels, sweat glands, and nerve endings?

<p>Dermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common medication administered via subcutaneous injection?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal skin color change is characterized by a yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes?

<p>Jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of burn extends through the epidermis and dermis and may not be initially painful?

<p>Third-degree burn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

<p>Hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is the only facial bone that can move?

<p>Mandible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones contribute to the formation of the nasal cavity?

<p>Inferior nasal conchae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the zygomatic bones?

<p>Shape the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the inferior half of the nasal septum?

<p>Vomer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones contribute to the structure of the upper jaw?

<p>Maxillae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the spine in scoliosis?

<p>S or C shaped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are classified as true ribs?

<p>Ribs 1-7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes kyphosis?

<p>Thoracic spine curves outward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of the xiphoid process?

<p>It is a landmark for CPR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are referred to as floating ribs?

<p>Ribs 11 and 12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin cancer is least dangerous and seldom metastasizes?

<p>Basal cell carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of bones primarily involves storing and releasing minerals?

<p>Electrolyte balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for developing malignant melanoma?

<p>UV light exposure during childhood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight during upright posture?

<p>Pelvic bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of bones does not contribute to the protection of internal organs?

<p>Flexibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of ribs does a human have?

<p>12 pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ribs are directly attached to the sternum?

<p>True Ribs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone in the lower arm is positioned on the same side as the thumb?

<p>Radius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones primarily bears weight in the lower leg?

<p>Tibia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the great toe?

<p>Hallux (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is primarily responsible for growth in length during childhood?

<p>Long bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is characterized by the bone piercing the skin?

<p>Compound fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in the bone tissue?

<p>To dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is described as small and embedded in tendons?

<p>Sesamoid bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epiphyseal plate when growth in length stops?

<p>It transforms into spongy bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of bone strength does the collagen matrix primarily resist?

<p>Stretching forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a greenstick fracture?

<p>It is an incomplete fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is typically thin, flat, and curved to protect underlying organs?

<p>Flat bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage provides flexible support and is found in the external ear and epiglottis?

<p>Elastic cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements of the body?

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the process of tissue repair by regeneration?

<p>Replacement with the same type of cells, restoring normal function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes osseous tissue?

<p>It consists of bone cells known as osteocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin is the outermost and has no blood vessels?

<p>Epidermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is characterized by its ability to resist compression and absorb shock?

<p>Fibrocartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding fibrosis in tissue repair?

<p>It involves the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle helps control the diameter of blood vessels and is involuntary?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Coronal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections.

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections.

Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.

What is the Nucleus?

The area in a cell which contains all the genetic information, also referred to as DNA.

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What is the Plasma Membrane?

The outermost layer of a cell, which controls what enters and exits the cell.

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What is Cytoplasm?

The gel-like substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. It contains the cell's organelles.

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What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Receives proteins from the ER and prepares and packages them for other parts of the body.

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What is Lateral?

The process of moving away from the body's midline.

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Centrioles

A bundle of microtubules located near the nucleus, responsible for organizing and moving chromosomes during cell division.

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Lysosomes

Organelles that act as the cell's 'garbage disposals', breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

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Mitochondria

The cell's powerhouse, converting nutrients into energy (ATP) for cellular activities.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments that provides structural support, helps maintain cell shape, and enables movement.

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Connective Tissue

The most widespread and varied type of tissue, connecting and supporting various organs.

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Hypodermis

The subcutaneous layer beneath the skin. It contains fat, blood vessels, and nerves.

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Bruise (hematoma)

A bluish, black, or yellow mark on the skin caused by the breakdown of clotted blood under the skin.

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First-Degree Burn

A partial-thickness burn that involves only the epidermis. It's like a sunburn.

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Second-Degree Burn

A partial-thickness burn that involves the epidermis and part of the dermis. It's deeper and more painful.

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Third-Degree Burn

A full-thickness burn that extends through the epidermis and dermis. It's the deepest and most serious type.

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What are Maxillae?

Two bones that join together to form the upper jaw.

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What are Zygomatic bones?

Two bones that shape the cheeks and form the outer edge of the eye socket.

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What is the Mandible?

The strongest and largest bone in the face, and the only one that moves.

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What are Palatine bones?

Two bones that form the back part of the roof of your mouth.

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What are Lacrimal bones?

Two very thin bones that make up part of the side of the eye socket.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

Most common type of skin cancer, but seldom metastasizes, making it the least dangerous. It usually occurs on areas of the body exposed to sunlight.

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Malignant Melanoma

The most deadly form of skin cancer, it grows and spreads quickly. It can metastasize to other parts of the body rapidly.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A type of skin cancer that is slower growing than melanoma, often appearing on areas with sun exposure. It can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.

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Growth Plate”, “Epiphyseal Plate”, “physis

The area where bone grows in length. It's a thin layer of cartilage located at the ends of long bones. Once growth is complete, it usually ossifies to become part of the bone.

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Osteomyelitis

A bacterial infection of the bone that can occur at any age. It is often caused by trauma or surgery.

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Long bones

Longest bones in the body, often shaped like a cylinder, they are responsible for movement and support. Think femur and humerus.

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Short bones

Bones that are as broad as they are long, allowing for flexibility and stability in joints. Think ankle bones and wrist bones.

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Flat bones

Thin, flat, curved bones that provide protection for vital organs, also contribute to blood cell production. Think skull bones and rib cage.

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Irregular bones

Varied shape and size, grouped together to form complex structures. Think vertebral column (spine), facial bones.

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Sesamoid bones

Small, round bones embedded within tendons, help reduce friction and enhance movement around joints. Think kneecap.

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Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of cartilage found in the growth plates of long bones, responsible for bone lengthening in children.

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Osteoblasts

Cells that form new bone by secreting bone matrix, involved in bone repair and growth.

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Osteoclasts

Cells that dissolve old or damaged bone, crucial for remodeling and calcium regulation.

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What is hyaline cartilage?

The most common type of cartilage; forms much of the fetal skeleton and is later replaced with bone. Think of it as the "baby bone" cartilage.

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What is elastic cartilage?

A strong, flexible type of cartilage that provides support to the external ear and helps with the movement of the epiglottis. Think of it as "bouncy" cartilage.

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What is fibrocartilage?

The strongest type of cartilage; found in areas that need to withstand high pressure and shock absorption, like the discs between vertebrae and the knee joint. Think of it as the "heavy duty" cartilage.

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What is bone tissue?

A type of connective tissue that provides structure and support to the body. It's made up of bone cells called osteocytes. Think of it as the "hard stuff" that makes up our bones.

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What is skeletal muscle?

The type of muscle that's responsible for voluntary movements, like walking, talking, and facial expressions. Think of it as the muscle you control consciously.

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What is cardiac muscle?

Found only in the heart; this muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body and is not under voluntary control. Think of it as the "heart's own" muscle.

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What is smooth muscle?

A type of muscle that's found in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive system, bladder, and blood vessels. It's not under voluntary control. Think of it as the "smooth operator" of the body.

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What is regeneration?

A process of tissue repair where damaged tissues are replaced with similar types of cells, resulting in functional new tissue. Think of it as "regrowing" the original tissue.

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Sternum

The bone in the front of the chest that protects the heart and lungs.

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Xiphoid process

A pointy projection at the bottom of the sternum, important for CPR.

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True ribs

The first seven ribs that attach directly to the sternum via hyaline cartilage.

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False ribs

Ribs 8, 9, and 10 that attach to the cartilage of the 7th rib, along with ribs 11 and 12, which are floating ribs.

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Floating ribs

Ribs 11 and 12 that don't attach to the sternum or other ribs.

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How many ribs are there?

The rib cage is composed of 24 individual bones called ribs, which are arranged in 12 pairs.

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What are the types of ribs?

The ribs are categorized based on their connection to the sternum. True ribs (pairs 1-7) connect directly to the sternum. False ribs (pairs 8-12) connect indirectly through cartilage. Floating ribs (11 & 12) have no connection to the sternum.

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What is the radius, and where is it located?

The radius is a bone located on the same side as the thumb, forming part of the lower arm. It is shorter than the ulna, the other bone in the lower arm.

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What is the femur and why is it important?

The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects to the pelvis at the hip joint, forming a ball-and-socket joint.

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Where are the tarsal bones located?

The tarsal bones are located in the ankle. They form a complex structure that allows flexibility and support.

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