HBM1202 Anatomy & Physiology 2 Lab Manual 2024
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the choroid?

  • To provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina. (correct)
  • To regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
  • To help focus light on the retina.
  • To control the shape of the lens.

What happens to the image formed on the retina in hypermetropia?

  • The image is formed behind the retina. (correct)
  • The image is formed on the retina.
  • The image is formed in front of the retina.
  • The image is not formed.

What structure in the eye helps focus light on the retina?

  • Vitreous humour
  • Choroid
  • Pupil
  • Lens (correct)

What is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye?

<p>Aqueous humour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tapetum lucidum?

<p>To increase the sharpness of vision in low light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in appearance of the two words when the lens and vitreous humour are placed on them?

<p>The word under the lens is clearer and more distinct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the suspensory ligament?

<p>To hold the lens in place. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the macula lutea?

<p>A small area of the retina responsible for central vision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following solutions would be expected to have the lowest pH according to Table 1?

<p>0.1 M HCl (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a buffer system in terms of pH regulation?

<p>To maintain a relatively stable pH range despite the addition of acids or bases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances would be expected to have a pH closest to 7, based on Table 3?

<p>Milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a solution turns green when cabbage water is added, what is the approximate pH of the solution?

<p>5-6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to blood pH regulation?

<p>The regulation of hormone production by the endocrine system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of blood, according to the information provided?

<p>7.35 - 7.45 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many major buffer systems are responsible for blood pH control?

<p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you were to test lemon juice using indicator strips, what color would you expect the strip to turn?

<p>Red (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does peroxidase play in cellular reactions?

<p>It acts as a catalyst to speed up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hydrogen peroxide in the presence of inactive substances like fine sand?

<p>No reaction occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the reactivity of hydrogen peroxide affect cells?

<p>It can damage useful chemicals in the cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment of liver is expected to show no activity in breaking down hydrogen peroxide?

<p>Boiled liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why would a glowing splint be tested in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide?

<p>To demonstrate oxygen production during the breakdown. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the peroxidase enzyme?

<p>To catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test tube would likely show the most activity in breaking down hydrogen peroxide?

<p>Test Tube 3: Ground Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substance is an enzyme classified as?

<p>Catalyst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indicator of kidney function impairment?

<p>Presence of protein in the urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a urine sample be analyzed for crystalline deposits?

<p>To determine the presence of kidney stones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the activity described in the text?

<p>To assess changes in urine composition after water intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a factor analyzed in a routine urine examination?

<p>Blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to handle urine specimens with caution?

<p>They can be contaminated with harmful bacteria and viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of drinking 3 cups of water in terms of urine volume?

<p>Urine volume will increase significantly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why individuals with renal disease are advised not to participate in the described activity?

<p>The excessive water intake can overload the kidneys, potentially causing harm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collecting urine samples at different time intervals after water intake?

<p>To assess how the kidney responds to changes in fluid intake over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of striking the tuning fork with equal force in the Auditory Acuity Activity?

<p>To maintain consistency in the sound intensity across trials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of auditory perception does the Auditory Acuity activity primarily measure?

<p>The ability to perceive the loudness and clarity of a sound. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of plugging one ear in the Auditory Acuity activity?

<p>To isolate the sound to one ear and measure its individual acuity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure plays a crucial role in the ability to localize sound?

<p>Auditory Cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the auditory acuity of both ears must be similar in the Localisation of Sound Activity?

<p>To obtain accurate and reliable results for comparing the subject's ability to localise sound with both ears and one ear plugged. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nerve tracts that cross over within the brain in the Localisation of Sound Activity?

<p>To relay sound information to the opposite hemisphere of the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the subject's eyes are closed during the Localisation of Sound Activity?

<p>To prevent any visual distractions that may influence the subject's ability to localise sound. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the results of the Localisation of Sound Activity indicate about the role of binaural hearing in sound localisation?

<p>Binaural hearing is essential for accurate and precise sound localisation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hormones in maintaining homeostasis?

<p>To facilitate communication between organ systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of the internal environment that needs to be maintained for homeostasis?

<p>Muscle mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific focus of the lab session described in the text?

<p>Demonstrating the role of hormones in glucose regulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the lab manual caution students about potential emotional distress from the finger-pricking procedure?

<p>To provide a safe environment for students who may be squeamish about blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the primary reason why only one student is allowed to perform the finger-pricking experiment?

<p>To showcase the procedure and reduce potential discomfort for the rest of the class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for emphasizing that the finger pricking experiment is a demonstration and not a full participation activity?

<p>The nature of the experiment involves invasive techniques that are not appropriate for large-scale participation, prioritizing safety for everyone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept that the term "homeostasis" refers to in the context of the lab activity?

<p>Maintaining a constant internal environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a "dynamic state of equilibrium" when describing homeostasis?

<p>The body's internal environment is constantly changing but remains within acceptable limits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Auditory Acuity

The ability to perceive sounds with clarity, detect frequency differences, and recognize sound direction.

Stereophony

The ability to localize sound direction using both ears due to loudness and phase differences.

Tuning Fork test

An auditory test using a tuning fork to measure distance at which sound is heard.

Acoustic Nerve

The nerve that transmits sound information from the ear to the brain.

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Auditory Cortex

Brain region responsible for interpreting sounds and localizing them in space.

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Clarity in Hearing

The sharpness or distinctness of sounds that one perceives.

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Ear Plugging

Blocking one ear which influences sound localization abilities in auditory tests.

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Trial Averaging

Taking multiple measurements and calculating an average to improve accuracy in hearing tests.

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Vitreous Body Detachment

The vitreous body gradually detaches from the back half of the eye, aided by its weight.

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Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the iris that regulates light entering the eye.

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Anterior Chamber

The fluid-filled space between the cornea and the iris in the eye.

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Choroid

The vascular layer of the eye containing connective tissue and providing nutrients to the retina.

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Hypermetropia

A vision condition where distant objects are seen clearly while close ones are blurry, caused by lens weakness or short retinal distance.

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Myopia

A vision condition where close objects are seen clearly while distant objects are blurry, caused by a strong lens or elongated eyeball.

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Suspensory Ligament

Fibers that hold the lens in place and help adjust its shape for focusing.

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Optic Nerve

The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Homeostasis

A state of equilibrium in the body where internal conditions are stable.

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Extracellular fluid

Fluid outside of cells that helps maintain homeostasis.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers that regulate various functions in the body.

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Glucose regulation

The process of maintaining blood glucose levels within a normal range.

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Acids, Bases and Buffers

Substances that help maintain pH balance in the body.

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Special Senses

Sensory systems that enable perception (sight, hearing, etc.).

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Urinary System

System responsible for waste elimination and fluid balance.

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Post lab worksheets

Assignments to complete after lab sessions for reinforcement.

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Protein Excretion

Protein is typically not excreted because it is too large to filter through the kidneys, unless renal function is impaired.

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Renal Function Impairment

Impaired kidney function can lead to the abnormal presence of substances like protein and microorganisms in urine.

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Urine Analysis

Routine analysis of urine can indicate disease processes or how kidneys regulate fluids and electrolytes.

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Kidney's Role in Fluid Regulation

The kidneys help maintain body fluid composition by producing urine, depending on hydration levels.

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Normal Components of Urine

Healthy urine contains various substances, including volume, color, pH, and specific gravity, among others.

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Urine Collection Procedure

The procedure includes collecting urine samples at different intervals after water intake to assess kidney response.

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Safety Precautions in Urine Testing

Always treat urine specimens as potentially infectious and follow safety protocols during collection and disposal.

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Effects of Excess Water on Kidneys

Loading kidneys with excess water affects their function and urine production, providing insights about kidney health.

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Enzyme

A protein that accelerates chemical reactions.

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Peroxidase

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

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Catalyst

Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

A reactive by-product that can damage cells.

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Reaction equation for peroxidase

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 indicates how peroxidase works.

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Role of liver in experiments

Liver contains peroxidase for breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

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Effect of boiling on enzymes

Boiling denatures enzymes, affecting their function.

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Test tube observations

Recording activity helps measure enzyme effectiveness.

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Universal Indicator

A substance that changes color based on pH level.

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pH Scale

A measurement scale ranging from 0 to 14 for acidity and alkalinity.

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Cabbage Dye Indicator

A natural indicator derived from purple cabbage that indicates pH levels.

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Buffer System

A solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

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Acidic Solution

A solution with a pH less than 7, indicating high H+ concentration.

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Alkaline Solution

A solution with a pH greater than 7, indicating low H+ concentration.

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pH Range for Blood

Blood pH is normally maintained between 7.3 and 7.5.

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Indicator Strips

Strips that change color to indicate the pH of a solution.

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Study Notes

HBM1202 Anatomy & Physiology 2 Laboratory Manual 2024

  • This manual provides a guide for laboratory sessions in Anatomy and Physiology 2 for 2024.
  • Lab coats are required for all laboratory sessions.
  • Read the manual before each laboratory class.
  • Related risk assessments, lab videos, and online worksheets are available on VU Collaborate.
  • Complete post-lab worksheets by accessing VU Collaborate > Assessments > Quizzes after the second lab session of each week.
  • A list of laboratories covers topics for each week.

List of Laboratories

  • Week 1, Lab 1: Endocrine System and Homeostasis
  • Week 1, Lab 2: Bones, Joints and Muscles
  • Week 2, Lab 1: Special Senses
  • Week 2, Lab 2: Urinary System
  • Week 3, Lab 1: Acids, Bases and Buffers
  • Week 3, Lab 2: Digestion and Metabolism

Practical 1: Endocrine System and Homeostasis

  • Past experience indicates a small group of students may experience emotional distress during finger pricking.
  • Only one student per lab class should perform the finger prick demonstration.
  • Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium, maintaining a stable internal environment.
  • The endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones) to regulate bodily functions including growth, metabolism, reproduction and homeostasis.
  • Endocrine glands directly secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
  • Exocrine glands release hormones into ducts.
  • The endocrine system works with the nervous system to regulate all bodily functions.
  • Objective: demonstrate and explain how the endocrine system functions to regulate blood glucose homeostasis.
  • Glucose regulation, the process of maintaining normal blood glucose levels, is a homeostatic mechanism.
  • Normal blood glucose levels range between 3-7 mmol/L.
  • Glucose monitoring techniques, such as Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), asses blood glucose levels after glucose ingestion.

Important Safety Considerations

  • Exercise caution when handling human materials in the lab.
  • Only one student per bench performs the blood glucose test.
  • Avoid the activity if pre-existing conditions like diabetes or cardiovascular issues are present.
  • Wear gloves whenever handling samples.
  • Report any spillages immediately.

Procedure for Glucose Regulation

  • Wash hands with antiseptic soap.
  • Warm and prepare finger for blood collection.
  • Use a sterile lancet to collect a drop of blood.
  • Use a gloucometer to record blood sugar levels.
  • Drink a 50g glucose solution.
  • Repeat blood glucose measurement at 20-minute intervals for 90 minutes.
  • Record results on the white board.
  • Graphically present individual and average class data.

Questions for Glucose Regulation

  • Explain the two stimuli that cause blood glucose levels to rise or fall.
  • Discuss the process that occurs when blood glucose levels increase.
  • Describe the effect of insulin.
  • Explain the function of glucagon.
  • What is the normal level of glucose in the blood, and why is it considered a "set point"?

Practical 2: Bones, Joints, and Muscles

  • Bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and muscles form the musculoskeletal system, responsible for support, movement, and protection.
  • Identify and explain the different anatomical regions of the body using models and diagrams.
  • Learn the anatomical terms for different directions, such as superior, inferior, anterior, posterior etc

Practical 3: Special Senses

  • The eye consists of a lens system to focus light and a light-sensitive surface (the retina), which converts the image into nerve impulses to be transmitted to the brain.
  • Receptors detect and convert external stimuli into nerve signals interpreted by the brain.
  • Understanding the anatomy and function of the eye and ear can help assess how sensory systems are linked to the brain, allowing for appropriate response to external stimuli.

Practical 4: The Urinary System

  • The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and associated blood vessels.
  • Its major functions include eliminating metabolic wastes (like urea), regulating fluid and electrolyte balance (including sodium and potassium), and producing hormones to promote red blood cell development.
  • The kidneys filter blood and produce urine, and other organs transport and store the urine before excretion.
  • The urinary system is important for maintaining homeostasis by controlling the composition of bodily fluids.
  • Lab safety and care should be taken, including avoiding consumption (eating or drinking) for an hour prior to the lab
  • Wear gloves when handling urine samples.
  • Dispose of urine waste appropriately in designated receptacles.

Practical 5: Acids, Bases, and Buffers

  • Acids release hydrogen ions, while bases accept them.
  • Buffers help maintain stable pH levels despite the addition of acid or base.
  • The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is vital in maintaining blood pH.
  • Indicators change color depending on the pH level.

Practical 6: Digestion and Metabolism

  • The digestive system breaks down food for absorption.
  • Digestive enzymes are part of these processes.
  • Extracellular and intracellular enzymes are involved.
  • Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are essential for energy and cell function.
  • Carbohydrates can be identified by the Benedict's test, utilizing reducing sugars that contain aldehyde or ketone groups.

Practical 7,8, and other labs in the module;

  • These modules focus on the structure and function of various body systems
  • They include techniques for investigating body functions and procedures like dissection.

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HBM1202 Anatomy & Physiology 2 Lab Manual 2024 PDF

Description

This laboratory manual serves as a comprehensive guide for students enrolled in Anatomy and Physiology 2 during 2024. It includes laboratory topics covered weekly, required materials, and online resources for assessments. Students are encouraged to review the manual before each session to enhance their learning experience.

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