Hazard Control and Safety Management

Hazard Control

• Hazard control involves removing or reducing the risk from a hazard
• Two key design components are planning and design
• Planning is developing a method for achieving something
• Design is an extension of planning, incorporating detail and specifics

Hazards in Production and Distribution

• Hazards can arise from production and distribution activities such as:
  • Replacing one chemical with another that is toxic or flammable
  • Inadequate packaging leading to release of hazardous materials

Hazards in Maintenance and Repair

• Hazards can be caused by insufficient, delayed or improper maintenance and repair
• Examples include:
  • Failure to tighten bolts properly
  • Failure to use lockout procedures

Communication

• Poor communication can introduce risks
• Four components of communication are sender, message, media/channel, decoding, receiver, and feedback

Measurement Tools

• Slip meters measure surface slipperiness to determine friction coefficient
• Light meters measure illumination

Accident Causes

• Direct causes include energy sources and hazardous materials
• Indirect causes include unsafe acts and conditions

Mechanics and Structures

• Important material properties include strength, brittleness, ductility, thermal expansion, shape, and exposure to environmental hazards and chemicals
• Safety factor (SF) is ratio of failure-producing load to maximum safe stress
• Falling object protection systems (FOPS) prevent objects from injuring operators

Cranes and Safety Devices

• Cranes may have load-indicating/limit switches, boom angle indicators, etc
• Basket hitch distributes load half on each sling
• Choker hitch carries load on a single vertical element

Elevators, Escalators, and Manlifts

• These devices must be maintained regularly and inspected by trained staff
• They have safety features such as brake systems, double doors and access doors

Transportation

• 37% of deaths occur between 10 pm and 4 am in motor vehicles
• Distractions such as phones/DVDs can contribute to accidents

Aviation hazards

• Leaking fuel tanks and ignition can be catastrophic
• Icing of wings is related to loss of lift

Pipelines Hazards

• Fire and explosion are major concerns
• Leaks in pipes, fittings, valves, pumps or other components could have disastrous outcomes

Transportation of Hazardous Materials

• Transportation Safety Act of 1974 regulates hazardous materials transportation
• Hazards include explosives, radioactive material, flammable liquids or solids, combustible liquids or solids, oxidizing or corrosive materials, compressed gases, poisons, and etiologic agents

Electrical Circuits

• Resistance in series circuit: R = R1 + R2 + ...Rn
• Resistance in parallel circuit: 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...Rn
• Voltage in AC circuits: V = √PI/CosФ, where V = voltage, I = impedance (Ω), and $ = phase angle in degrees
• Power in DC circuits: P = VI (where P = power/W; and 1hp = 736 W)
• Power in AC circuits: p = V2 CosФ / R (where p = power/W, V=voltage; CosФ= power factor and r= resistance)
• Resistance in DC circuits: R = pL/A, where R = resistance, p = resistivity of the metal; L= length; and A = cross-sectional area.

Capacitors and Inductors

• Capacitors: passive electronic components consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric(insulator)
• Capacitance in a series circuit: 1/Ct = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ...Cn
• Capacitance in a parallel circuit: Cparallel = C1 + C2 + ...Cn
• Inductors store energy in magnetic fields

Oscillators and Thermocouples

• Oscillators produce high-frequency alternating currents
• Thermocouples convert heat into electrical energy
• Types of electrical shock severity depend on the amount of current and exposure time

Electrical Shock Hazard

• Shock depends on current (mA), current path, and exposure time.
  • Severity levels include: 5 mA (slight shock), 6–25 mA (painful shock), 50–150 mA (extreme pain), and 75 mA and above (ventricular fibrillation)

Electrical Fires and Explosions

• Causes include defective or misused electrical equipment
• Fires often require Class C or multipurpose (ABC) fire extinguishers
• Electrical explosions can occur when arcing occurs in a combustible atmosphere

Hazardous Locations

• Divided into three classifications (I, II and III).
  • I: Flammable gases or vapors.
  • II: Combustible dust.
  • III: Easily ignitable fibers or flyings

Electrical Safety Precautions

• Rubber pads protect workers from electrical lines
• Damaged cords should be removed from service

Machine Guarding

• Enclosure guards prevent access to hazardous machine areas
• Interlocked guards stop operation if the guard is open

Hazard Control Models

• Hazards involve people, machines, environments, and materials.
• Four Ms: Man, Media, Machine and Management

Housekeeping and Housecleaning

• Housekeeping involves cleaning up and removing waste
• This includes cleaning equipment, scrap and waste disposal

Process Hazard Analysis

• Initial process hazard analysis (hazard evaluation) is vital
• Methodologies such as What-If, Checklist, and others (e.g. Fault tree; and Hazard and Operability Study) can be used

Insurance and other topics

• Four insurance categories: property, health, liability and life insurance
• Includes construction insurance for buildings undergoing construction

Priorities for reducing hazards

• Eliminate/replace hazard
• Reduce the hazard
• Provide safety devices
• Provide warnings
• Provide procedures and equipment
• Provide safety for personnel

Redundancy-Backup System

• Redundancy in operations/systems reduces errors or failure probability
• Examples include lower failure rates/ using redundancy/avoiding single-point failures

Hazardous Locations

• Class I (flammable / explosives), Class II (combustible dust), and Class III (easily ignitable fibres).

Defective/Damaged Cords

• Improper use can lead to shocks, burns, or fires
• Safety precautions include using insulating materials, inspecting cords & wires before use

Accident Reconstruction

• Formula for calculating stopping distance: S = V²/30µ

Railroads

• Hazards include explosions, fires, and release of toxic materials.

Aviation Hazards

• Leaking fuel or icing are significant hazards

Pinch Point Hazards

• These occur when objects move towards each other and crush or shear intervening material

This quiz covers key concepts in hazard control, including the importance of planning and design in reducing risks. It also addresses hazards present in production, distribution, and maintenance activities, as well as the role of communication in safety management. Test your knowledge on safety practices and effective measurement tools.