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Hard Drive Connector Technologies Quiz

Test your knowledge of hard drive connector technologies with this quiz. Explore PATA, SCSI, and SAS drives, their connectors, configurations, and standards. Learn about their evolution, differences, and advantages in data transfer speeds and device support.

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between DVI-D and DVI-I connectors?

DVI-D is digital-only, while DVI-I is a combination analog/digital connector

What is the color of a standard VGA connector?

Blue

Which video connector was introduced by IBM in 1987 and became the de facto video standard for computers for many years?

VGA

What does the term 'VGA' often refer to despite the VGA standard supporting much higher resolutions?

<p>Generic analog video</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology has superseded VGA and offers higher quality and longer transmission distances?

<p>DVI</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before DVI and HDMI encoding technologies, what limitation did consumer digital video display connectors face?

<p>Inability to accommodate the number of pins required to transmit 16 or more bits of color information per pixel</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bandwidth of the 48G cable specified in HDMI version 2.1?

<p>48 Gbps</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which HDMI version introduced support for 4K resolution and 32-channel audio?

<p>Version 2.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum refresh rate supported for 4K, 8K, and 10K video in HDMI version 2.1?

<p>120 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of HDMI cable supports 1080p, 4K, and 3D technologies?

<p>High Speed cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum length for passive HDMI cables?

<p>15 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which HDMI version introduced the capability for the controlling system to relay Ethernet frames between connected components and the Internet?

<p>Version 1.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector is designed with a locking mechanism for use in environments prone to vibration?

<p>Type-E</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector is primarily intended for video but can also transmit audio, with cables extending to 3 meters, or 33 meters with an active cable?

<p>DisplayPort</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector lacks the latching mechanism of the full-size DP connector?

<p>Mini DisplayPort (MDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hard drive connector is now known as Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)?

<p>IDE</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hard drive connector entered the market in 2003, primarily intended for hard drive use and supporting up to 15 devices on a single bus?

<p>eSATA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector is commonly used in smaller portable devices like tablets, smartphones, and digital cameras?

<p>Type-D</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a generic name for any connector on a computer or peripheral into which a cable can be plugged?

<p>Port</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cable in the context of computer peripherals?

<p>A way of connecting a peripheral to a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cables typically connect?

<p>A computer and a peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four different classifications of cables and connectors mentioned in the text?

<p>Video, hard drive, multipurpose, peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five standards mentioned for connecting displays to the computer?

<p>VGA, DVI, HDMI, mini-HDMI, DisplayPort</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cable and connector will be covered in depth in Chapter 6, 'Networking Fundamentals'?

<p>Network cables and connectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of devices supported by SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI)?

<p>7 devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many drives can a PATA cable support in a master and slave configuration?

<p>Two drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connector powers PATA drives?

<p>4-pin Molex connector</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI) replaced by Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)?

<p>2005</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum throughput offered by SAS-4 in Gbps?

<p>22.5 Gbps</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of SAS over SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI)?

<p>Not requiring a terminator</p> Signup and view all the answers

Video displays are easily the most widely used peripheral. Different standards exist to connect displays to the computer, and you need to be familiar with five of them for the exam: VGA, DVI (and variants), HDMI, mini-HDMI, and ______.

<p>DisplayPort</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the A+ exam, you will also need to be familiar with ______ cables and connectors.

<p>network</p> Signup and view all the answers

The A+ exam objectives break cables and connectors into two different groups, but really they need to be discussed together. After all, a cable without a connector doesn’t do much good, and neither does a connector without a ______.

<p>cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Understanding Cables and Connectors: A port is a generic name for any connector on a computer or peripheral into which a cable can be plugged. A cable is simply a way of connecting a peripheral or other device to a computer using multiple copper or fiber-optic conductors inside a common wrapping or ______.

<p>sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

They do so through the use of ______ and cables.

<p>ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are four different classifications of cables and the connectors that go with them: video, hard drive, multipurpose, and ______.

<p>peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Version 2.1 of ______ specifies a new 48G cable type with 48 Gbps bandwidth, supporting 120 Hz refresh rates for 4K, 8K, and 10K video, along with enhanced Audio Return Channel (eARC)

<p>HDMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ cables are available in Standard and High Speed, with High Speed cables supporting 1080p, 4K, and 3D technologies

<p>HDMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

VGA technology is ______ and has been superseded by newer digital standards such as DVI and HDMI, with plans for phasing out VGA starting in 2013

<p>analog</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DVI connector looks similar to a standard D-sub connector but has asymmetrical pin placement and comes in three main categories: DVI-A, DVI-D, and ______

<p>DVI-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ version 2.1, released in 2017, added support for 120 Hz refresh rates for 4K, 8K, and 10K video, and enhanced Audio Return Channel (eARC) for object-based audio formats

<p>HDMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

DVI-A and DVI-I analog quality is superior to VGA but is still susceptible to noise, while the DVI analog signal can travel farther than the VGA signal before degrading beyond ______

<p>usability</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maximum cable length for ______ is variable, with passive cables extending no farther than 15 meters, and active versions reaching lengths of up to 30 meters

<p>HDMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ version 2.1 specifies a new cable type called 48G, providing for 48 Gbps bandwidth, and supports high dynamic range (HDR) video without requiring new cables or connectors

<p>HDMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

DVI-I cables and interfaces are designed to interconnect two analog or two digital devices; they cannot convert between analog and ______

<p>digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

DVI cables must support a signal of at least ______ meters, but better cable assemblies and active boosters can extend signals over longer distances

<p>4.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

3D video sources are only compatible with ______, and an active ______ to VGA adapter is required for driving VGA devices from ______ ports directly

<p>HDMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before DVI and HDMI encoding technologies, consumer digital video display connectors could not accommodate the number of pins required to transmit 16 or more bits of color information per ______

<p>pixel</p> Signup and view all the answers

SCSI

<p>pronounced 'scuzzy,' was commonly used in servers and high-end workstations, with early versions using a parallel bus interface called SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The original SCSI standard had an 8-bit bus supporting up to seven devices with unique IDs and required a terminator at the end of the chain

<p>eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

SAS standards and speeds have evolved, with SAS-4 offering ______ Gbps throughput in 2017

<p>22.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

The future of SAS may lie in corporate environments with large-scale storage solutions, while M.2 and ______ drives provide leading-edge speed for workstations

<p>NVMe</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text explains the differences in ______, configurations, and standards for PATA, SCSI, and SAS hard drives

<p>connectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

SAS offers advantages over SPI, including not requiring a terminator, supporting ______ devices, and providing faster data transfer speeds

<p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mini-HDMI and micro-HDMI connectors are commonly used in smaller portable devices like tablets, smartphones, and digital cameras.

<p>Type-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ connector is designed with a locking mechanism for use in environments prone to vibration, such as automobiles.

<p>Type-E</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common hard drive connector used today is Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (______), available in internal and external versions.

<p>SATA</p> Signup and view all the answers

External SATA (eSATA) entered the market in 2003, primarily intended for hard drive use and supporting up to ______ devices on a single bus.

<p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

eSATA specifications include versions with speeds of 1.5 Gbps, 3.0 Gbps, and ______ Gbps, commonly referred to as SATA 6 or SATA 6Gb/s.

<p>6.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to SATA, the most popular hard drive connector was Integrated Drive Electronics (______), now known as Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA).

<p>IDE</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB technology is designed to be ______—just plug in the peripheral and it should work, provided that the software is installed to support it

<p>Plug and Play</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB cables are used to connect a wide variety of peripherals to computers, including keyboards, mice, digital cameras, printers, scanners, hard drives, and ______ cards

<p>network</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cables and connectors in this section are specifically designed to connect a variety of devices. For example, someone may have a USB hub with a wireless mouse, network card, Lightning cable (to charge an iPhone), and flash drive all attached at the same time. Those four devices serve very different purposes, but they all share the USB connection in ______

<p>common</p> Signup and view all the answers

Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables are used to connect a wide variety of peripherals to computers, including keyboards, mice, digital cameras, printers, scanners, hard drives, and ______ cards

<p>network</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB was designed by several companies, including Intel, Microsoft, and IBM, and is currently maintained by the USB ______ Forum

<p>Implementers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many standard devices have drivers that are built into the common operating systems or automatically downloaded during ______

<p>installation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Component video uses one uncompressed signal and two compressed signals, reducing the overall bandwidth needed. These signals are delivered over coax, either as red, green, and blue color-coded RCA plugs or similarly coded BNC connectors, the latter being seen mostly in broadcast-quality applications. The uncompressed signal is called ______, which is essentially the colorless version of the original signal that represents the “brightness” of the source feed as a grayscale image.

<p>luma (Y)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two chrominance (chroma, for short) signals are also known as B – Y and R – Y, because they are created by subtracting out the luma from the blue and red source signals. It might make sense, then, that the analog technology presented here is most often referred to and labeled as YPbPr. A digital version of this technology, usually found on high-end devices, replaces analog’s Pb and Pr with Cb and Cr, respectively, and is most often labeled YCbCr.

<p>Pb and Pr</p> Signup and view all the answers

The more common, yet less correct, Y is used here to refer to luma. Note that the foregoing discussion did not mention a green component-video signal. In fact, the often green-colored lead in the component-video cable carries the ______. There is no need for a separate green color-difference signal. Essentially, the luma signal is used as a colorless map for the detail of the image.

<p>luma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whatever details in the luma version of the image have weak representation in the blue and red versions of the image are inferred to be ______. Therefore, you can conclude that by providing one full signal (Y) and two compressed signals (Pb and Pr) that are related to the full signal (Pb = B – Y and Pr = R – Y), you can transmit roughly the same information as three full signals (R, G, and B) but with less bandwidth.

<p>green</p> Signup and view all the answers

Component video is capable of transmitting HD video at full 1080p (1920 × 1080, progressive-scan) resolution. However, the output device is at the mercy of the video source, which often is not manufactured to push 1080p over component outputs. Composite Video When the preceding component-video technologies are not feasible, the last related standard, composite video, combines all ______ and chroma leads into one. Composite video is truly the bottom of the analog-video barrel. However, the National Television System Committee (NTSC) signal received by over-the-air antennas or by cable-TV feeds is composite video, making it a very common video signal. Unfortunately, once the four signals are combined into one, the display equipment has no way of faithfully splitting them back out, leading to less than optimal quality but great cost efficiency. Composite video is implemented as a single yellow RCA jack, which is the one shown in Figure 3.27. While still fairly decent in video quality, composite video is more susceptible to undesirable video phenomena and artifacts, such as aliasing, cross coloration, and dot crawl.

<p>luma</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ends of the keyboard and mouse cables would be purple and ______ as well. Today, the PS/2-style connector has been replaced by the USB port.

<p>green</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB ports provide ______ power to devices and support charging for tablets, smartphones, and smartwatches

<p>5V</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thunderbolt 3 uses standard ______ connectors, supporting converters to VGA, HDMI, and DVI monitors

<p>USB-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thunderbolt, a collaboration between ______ and Apple, combines PCI Express with DisplayPort technology

<p>Intel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lightning connector, introduced in 2012, replaced Apple's 30-pin ______ connector

<p>dock</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thunderbolt v1 and v2 operate at ______ Gbps, providing 18V and 9.9W of power to attached peripherals

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB standards like USB Battery Charging and USB Power Delivery outline maximum ______ capabilities

<p>power</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB 3.0, USB 3.1, and USB 3.2 offer increasing throughput speeds, with USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 supporting speeds of up to ______ Gbps

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB Type-C, introduced in 2014, is reversible and designed to replace USB Type-A and ______ connectors

<p>Type-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB cables are limited in length, with USB 1.x and 2.0 supporting cables up to ______ meters long

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

The color-coding of USB ports and cable connectors signifies their capabilities, with blue indicating higher speeds and red or yellow indicating ______ capability

<p>charging</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB devices can draw power from the USB cable, eliminating the need for a separate power cord in some ______

<p>cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB host controllers can support up to 127 devices using a 7-bit identifier, with the 128th identifier reserved for ______ to all endpoints

<p>broadcasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active converters containing chips are necessary in situations where technology is not directly pin-compatible with Thunderbolt, such as ______ analog monitor inputs.

<p>VGA and DVI-A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active converters are slightly more expensive than ______ counterparts but much cheaper than Thunderbolt hubs.

<p>passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active connectors can support resolutions of 4K (3840 × 2160) and higher, providing an advantage over ______ converters.

<p>passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Serial ports were considered slow and inferior to ______ ports before the introduction of USB around 20 years ago.

<p>parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

USB made old-school ______ ports nearly obsolete due to its advantages, including shorter cable length and better resistance to electromagnetic interference.

<p>serial</p> Signup and view all the answers

RCA jacks and connectors, developed by RCA Victor Company, are used to transmit audio and video information but have been largely supplanted by ______.

<p>HDMI</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is currently maintaining the USB technology?

<p>USB Implementers Forum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of devices supported by USB host controllers using a 7-bit identifier?

<p>63</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between DVI-A and DVI-D connectors?

<p>DVI-A supports analog signals, while DVI-D supports digital signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum cable length for passive HDMI cables?

<p>15 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of a standard VGA connector?

<p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main purposes of USB cables?

<p>To connect a wide variety of peripherals to computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the uncompressed signal called in component video?

<p>Luma (Y)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the analog technology presented in the text most often refer to and label as?

<p>YPbPr</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the digital version of YPbPr technology, usually found on high-end devices, labeled as?

<p>YCbCr</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the two chrominance (chroma) signals, Pb and Pr, represent in component video?

<p>B – Y and R – Y</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between luma and luminance in component video?

<p>Gamma correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the uncompressed luma signal in component video?

<p>To represent the 'brightness' of the source feed as a grayscale image</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many devices can USB host controllers support using a 7-bit identifier?

<p>127 devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum length of USB 3.x supporting cables?

<p>3 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of USB hubs?

<p>To expand the number of available USB ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do blue USB ports and cable connectors signify?

<p>Higher speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connectors are commonly used in small form factor devices?

<p>Micro-USB and mini-USB</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of passive converters and adapters for USB cables?

<p>To alter the interface type at one end of a USB cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology combines PCI Express with DisplayPort technology?

<p>Thunderbolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector supports converters to VGA, HDMI, and DVI monitors?

<p>Thunderbolt 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replaced Apple's 30-pin dock connector in 2012?

<p>Lightning connector</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology enables one USB port to power a laptop and small printer?

<p>USB Power Delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector operates at 20 Gbps, providing 18V and 9.9W of power to attached peripherals?

<p>Thunderbolt v1 and v2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology doubles bandwidth to 40 Gbps and supports PCIe 3.0 and DisplayPort 1.2?

<p>Thunderbolt 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connector was initially fast (400 Mbps), easy to use, and could provide power to attached devices but became obsolete around 2007?

<p>FireWire (IEEE 1394)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the communications standard for serial transmission that can be used over various types of serial cables, not just DB-9?

<p>RS-232</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of active converters over passive converters?

<p>Support for 4K resolutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector was introduced by IBM in 1987 and became the de facto video standard for computers for many years?

<p>VGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology splits the red, green, and blue components in the signal into different streams, providing better-quality video when analog technologies are used for broadcast video?

<p>Component video</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum throughput offered by USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 in Gbps?

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common video device used according to the text?

<p>Monitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is currently maintaining the USB technology?

<p>USB Implementers Forum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology combines PCI Express with DisplayPort technology?

<p>Thunderbolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of devices supported by USB host controllers using a 7-bit identifier?

<p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'VGA' often refer to despite the VGA standard supporting much higher resolutions?

<p>Analog video technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connector was introduced by IBM in 1987 and became the de facto video standard for computers for many years?

<p>VGA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of display technology does not require a backlight, unlike LCD panels?

<p>OLED displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of OLED displays over LCD panels?

<p>Lower power consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor determines the crispness of the displayed image on a monitor?

<p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a monitor's native resolution?

<p>To avoid image distortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the refresh rate in gaming and home-theater systems?

<p>Providing fluid video motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of OLED monitors?

<p>Higher contrast ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between horizontal and vertical pixel counts of a monitor referred to as?

<p>Aspect ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using two monitors simultaneously for tasks like working with multiple spreadsheets or giving presentations?

<p>Expanded screen real estate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measure for the total amount of visible light that a projector gives off?

<p>Lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do projectors include for adjusting the shape of the projected image for ceiling-mount applications?

<p>Keystone correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to mitigate interference from increased ambient light on projected images?

<p>Increasing the brightness of the projector</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between lux and lumens in the context of projector lighting?

<p>Measurement scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology is used in touch screen devices like smartphones and tablets to convert stimuli from touching the screen to electrical impulses?

<p>Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology historically had smoother-flowing images and deeper black colors compared to LCDs, but is now less popular due to cost-effectiveness?

<p>Plasma display panel (PDP) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology uses an organic compound and electrodes to create light and can be made flexible for novel applications?

<p>Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology uses a semi-crystalline liquid and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for backlighting, consuming less power than CRTs?

<p>Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of display uses ionized particles to create light and produces its own light without requiring a backlight?

<p>Plasma display panel (PDP) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of display can achieve a rich black display when not lit and can be made flexible using thin-film electrodes and a flexible compound?

<p>Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical lumens output range for an office environment?

<p>2,500 to 6,000 lumens</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much more lumens output does 3D projection require compared to 2D projection?

<p>Roughly double</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bulbs do projector bulbs use?

<p>High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of webcams?

<p>Instant messaging and security purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of built-in webcams in laptops?

<p>Light and microphones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What security risk is associated with improperly set up webcams?

<p>Unauthorized access to camera controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of peripheral devices in a computer system.

<p>Peripheral devices add functionality beyond the core components of a computer, allowing users to input data and receive output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four categories into which peripheral devices are divided in the text?

<p>Video, Audio, Input and output, Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of getting information out of a computer, according to the text?

<p>Using a computer video display, such as a monitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a monitor as a display system?

<p>Monitors convert computer signals into text and pictures and display them on a TV-like screen, providing a visual output for the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did early personal computers use television screens as display systems?

<p>It was simpler to use an existing display technology than to develop a new one</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of video device mentioned in the text, apart from monitors.

<p>Projectors, cameras, webcams, virtual reality headsets, and optical devices are mentioned as other types of video devices in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between LCD and OLED display technologies in terms of backlighting and flexibility.

<p>LCD monitors use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for backlighting and are rigid, while OLED displays do not require a backlight and can be made flexible for novel applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the historical advantages of Plasma display panels (PDPs) over LCDs and the reason for LCDs' current popularity.

<p>PDPs historically had smoother-flowing images and deeper black colors compared to LCDs. However, LCDs are now more popular due to cost-effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of touch screen technology in devices like smartphones and tablets?

<p>Touch screen technology converts stimuli from touching the screen to electrical impulses that communicate with the computer system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the usage of cathode ray tube (CRT) technology in early PC monitors and its characteristics.

<p>Early PC monitors used cathode ray tube (CRT) technology, which was bulky, heavy, and mostly used VGA connectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) displays achieve a rich black display when not lit?

<p>OLED displays can be made flexible using thin-film electrodes and a flexible compound, enabling novel applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the technology used by Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) to form patterns representing numbers or letters?

<p>LCDs use an electrical current passed through a semi-crystalline liquid to align crystals and form patterns representing numbers or letters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the advantages of OLED displays over LCD panels in terms of image quality and power consumption.

<p>OLED displays have a higher contrast ratio than LCD panels, producing better images in darker surroundings, and generally require less power to drive than LCDs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does refresh rate play in gaming and home-theater systems?

<p>Higher refresh rates provide more fluid video motion in gaming and home-theater systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to use the monitor's native resolution for best results?

<p>Using the monitor's native resolution is recommended for best results, as other resolutions may result in image distortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does changing the resolution in Windows 10 alleviate the need to scroll the Desktop to view other portions of it?

<p>Changing the resolution in Windows 10 can alleviate the need to scroll the Desktop to view other portions of it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the refresh rate being supported by both the graphics adapter and the monitor?

<p>The refresh rate must be supported by both the graphics adapter and the monitor for it to be selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main benefits of OLED monitors?

<p>OLED monitors are considered the highest-quality monitors available in the market today, with advantages such as higher contrast ratio and lower power consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the typical range of lumens output needed for a home theater projection system?

<p>1,300 to 4,500 lumens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bulbs do projector bulbs use, and why are they considerably more expensive than standard bulbs?

<p>Projector bulbs use high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, which produce more visible light using a smaller electrical discharge. They are considerably more expensive due to the use of metal halide gases and potential handmade manufacturing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common uses of webcams, and what security risks are associated with improperly set up webcams?

<p>Webcams are often used for instant messaging and security purposes. Improperly set up webcams can pose security risks, as anyone who accesses the web interface can control the camera's actions if there is no authentication enabled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate lumens output of a 60W standard light bulb, and how does it compare to a 100W light bulb?

<p>A 60W standard light bulb produces about 800 lumens, while a 100W light bulb produces over double, at 1,700 lm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenarios does video projection require more lumens than static image projection, and how does the lumens requirement differ for 3D output compared to 2D projection?

<p>Video projection requires more lumens than static image projection. 3D output requires roughly double the lumens of 2D projection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between built-in webcams commonly found in laptops and external webcams, and how do they typically connect to devices?

<p>Built-in webcams are common in laptops, often with a light and microphones, while external webcams connect through USB or have built-in network interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between aspect ratio and display resolutions.

<p>Aspect ratio refers to the relationship between horizontal and vertical pixel counts of a monitor, such as 4:3 or 16:10, and how this affects display resolutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of using two monitors simultaneously?

<p>Using two monitors simultaneously can be beneficial for tasks like working with multiple spreadsheets or giving presentations with presenter’s view and slide show projection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key factors to consider when connecting an external display device?

<p>Connecting an external display device may require settings adjustment or resolution and orientation changes for it to be recognized and function properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the brightness of a projected image measured?

<p>Brightness of a projected image is measured in lumens, with higher lumens count producing a brighter image, and lux measuring how much the projector lights up the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a lumen and a lux?

<p>A lumen is a unit of measure for the total amount of visible light that the projector gives off, based solely on what the human eye can perceive, not on invisible wavelengths. The lux is a derivative of lumens measuring how much the projector lights up the surface on which it is focused, and decreases as the projector is trained on a larger surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can increased ambient light interference with projected images be mitigated?

<p>Increased ambient light can interfere with projected images, which can be mitigated by increasing the brightness of the projector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the hardware requirements for the Oculus Rift VR headset.

<p>The Oculus Rift VR headset recommends a minimum of an Intel Core i3-6100 or AMD Ryzen 3, FX4350 CPU, 8 GB+ RAM, a GeForce GTX 960, HDMI 1.3, one USB 3.0 port, two USB 2.0 ports, and Windows 10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the display specifications of the Oculus Rift VR headset.

<p>The Oculus Rift VR headset has two OLED displays providing 1080 × 1200 resolution per eye at a 90 Hz refresh rate and integrated headphones for 3D audio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List some companies that compete with Oculus by producing VR headsets.

<p>Some companies that compete with Oculus in producing VR headsets include Sony, Samsung, Google, and HTC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between computer-based VR headsets and smartphone-based VR headsets.

<p>Computer-based VR headsets have high hardware requirements due to intensive video processing, while smartphone-based VR headsets use the smartphone as the screen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the early development of VR headsets, particularly the Oculus VR.

<p>The Oculus VR headset started as a Kickstarter project by the newly formed Oculus company in 2012, and in 2014, Facebook purchased Oculus. The Oculus Rift, the first VR headset by Oculus, hit the markets in 2016 and faced product shortages due to its popularity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how VR headsets create a 3D world for the user to navigate.

<p>VR headsets display images close to the user's eyes and block out all other light, creating a 3D world that the user can navigate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a signature pad and how does it typically connect to a computer?

<p>A signature pad is used to capture electronic signatures and often connects to a computer via USB, Ethernet, or serial port.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two popular types of game controllers mentioned in the text and what are their distinguishing features?

<p>The two popular types of game controllers mentioned are the generic joystick, which has one or more buttons and a stick, and the proprietary game controller, which is specific to gaming consoles and often contains motion sensors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are barcode readers commonly used for and how do they typically connect to the host system?

<p>Barcode readers are commonly used in retail and inventory management sectors to scan barcodes and they typically connect to the host system via USB, serial connections, or wireless communication (infrared, radio frequency, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does smartphone technology enable barcode scanning and processing, and what types of barcodes can be interpreted by smartphones?

<p>Smartphone technology enables barcode scanning and processing by using the built-in cameras as scanners, and smartphones can interpret Universal Product Code (UPC) barcodes, Quick Response (QR) codes, and other 2D matrix barcodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a QR code and how does it function when scanned by a QR-code reader app?

<p>A QR code is an encoded image that allows the scanning application to decode large amounts of text. When scanned by a QR-code reader app, the QR code can direct the app to open a specific website, display a phone number, a GEO location, an email address, or an SMS message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different light sources used by barcode readers, and what kind of information do barcodes encode?

<p>Barcode readers can use LEDs or lasers as light sources, and barcodes encode simple information—strings of numbers or letters—based on line widths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the design features of the Dvorak keyboard and its intended purpose.

<p>The Dvorak keyboard was designed to reduce fatigue in typists' hands by placing commonly used characters in the home row, allowing for faster and more comfortable typing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the development and significance of the computer mouse.

<p>The computer mouse was born in the 1970s at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center and became integral with the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984. It translates physical movement into onscreen cursor motion using various motion-detection mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different mechanisms used for motion detection in computer mice?

<p>Computer mice use various motion-detection mechanisms like trackballs, tablets, touch pads, and pointing sticks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the variations in technology used for motion detection in computer mice over time.

<p>The original Apple mouse used a ball for motion detection, while later technologies used optical receptors and lasers for more sensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the different configurations and features of computer mice.

<p>Mice can be wired or wireless, powered by batteries, and have different numbers of buttons and a wheel for scrolling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the purpose and use of touch pads as computer input devices.

<p>Touch pads are flat panels on laptops or external devices that replace a mouse and can be configured in Windows settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process by which a microphone converts sound waves into electrical signals, and describe the connectivity options for microphones discussed in the text.

<p>Microphones convert sound waves into electrical signals through a transducer, which can be recorded, transmitted, or altered. They can connect via analog TRS connectors or USB.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical layout of a U.S. English keyboard, and how are modern keyboards designed to accommodate user preferences?

<p>The U.S. English keyboard typically follows the QWERTY layout. Modern keyboards often have separate cursor-movement and numerical keypads, with function keys placed above the numerical row.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the functionality of keyboards in completing individual circuits and sending unique scan codes to the computer.

<p>Keyboards complete individual circuits when keys are pressed, leading to unique scan codes sent to the computer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of input devices covered in the subsequent sections of the text, and what are their respective functions?

<p>Input devices covered include the mouse, touchpad, signature pad, game controller, barcode or QR scanner, magnetic or chip reader, and NFC/tap pay device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the common output devices mentioned in the text, and explain how some devices can manage both input and output.

<p>Monitors and printers are common output devices, and some devices can manage both input and output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Recording tab in the Sound applet of the Control Panel, and how is it typically used to configure a microphone on a PC?

<p>The Recording tab in the Sound applet of the Control Panel is used to configure a microphone on a PC. It allows users to adjust microphone settings such as volume, sensitivity, and input/output options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the controversy surrounding Google Glass and its impact on its adoption in commercial applications.

<p>The controversy surrounding Google Glass includes privacy concerns due to its camera and potential for covert recording, prompting establishments to ban its use. This controversy raised legal and safety issues and led to limited adoption in commercial applications despite its potential benefits in surgical operations, aiding children with autism, and enhancing the effectiveness of delivery drivers, law enforcement personnel, and journalists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the features and applications of Virtual Reality (VR) headsets.

<p>VR headsets have embedded sensors for precise head movement detection, and they come with a handheld game controller for user interaction. Applications for VR include store employee training, engineering design inspection, medical training, and hands-on training in various fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the specifications of the original Google Glass and its controversial features?

<p>The original Google Glass specifications include a weight of 1.51 oz, Glass OS, OMAP 4430 Dual Core CPU, 2 GB RAM, 16 GB storage, 640 × 360 pixel display, and a 5MP camera. Its controversial features include a camera, a touch pad for navigation, and voice command inputs, which raised privacy concerns and sparked controversy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the differences between Virtual Reality (VR) headsets and smartphone-based VR headsets.

<p>VR headsets have embedded sensors for precise head movement detection, while smartphone-based VR headsets are essentially head straps with phone carriers and blinders to block out light. Smartphone-based VR headsets are generally considered inferior in quality compared to PC-based systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the features of Google Glass and its controversial impact?

<p>Google Glass is a glasses-mounted computer that projects an augmented reality (AR) display a few inches from the user's face, equivalent to looking at a 25&quot; screen from about 8 feet away. It features a touch pad for navigation, voice command inputs, and various built-in sensors, including a camera, which caused privacy concerns and sparked controversy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the potential applications and limited adoption of Google Glass in commercial settings.

<p>Google Glass has found limited use in commercial applications, such as in surgical operations, aiding children with autism, and enhancing the effectiveness of delivery drivers, law enforcement personnel, and journalists, despite controversies surrounding its camera and privacy concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resolution per eye provided by the Oculus Rift VR headset?

<p>1080 × 1200</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company purchased Oculus in 2014?

<p>Facebook</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the minimum RAM requirements for the Oculus Rift?

<p>8 GB</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of VR headsets use a smartphone as the screen?

<p>Standalone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year did the Oculus Rift hit the markets?

<p>2016</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of VR goggles or a VR headset?

<p>Creating a 3D world for navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of light sources can barcode readers use?

<p>LEDs and lasers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of barcodes can be interpreted by smartphones?

<p>UPC barcodes and QR codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a QR code?

<p>To direct a QR-code reader app to a website</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of wireless communication can barcode readers use to connect to the host system?

<p>Infrared, radio frequency (RF), Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do signature pads often connect to computer systems?

<p>Via USB or Ethernet cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of technology do signature pads and touch pads use to translate contact on a flat surface into electrical signals?

<p>Capacitive technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which keyboard layout was designed to reduce fatigue in typists' hands by placing commonly used characters in the home row?

<p>Dvorak keyboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology was used in the original Apple mouse for motion detection?

<p>Ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a variant of pointer devices that place the tracking mechanism on top, allowing control without moving the entire device?

<p>Trackball</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of electronic signature pads in businesses?

<p>To capture customer signatures electronically</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of motion-detection mechanisms used by a computer mouse?

<p>Optical, laser, and trackball</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of touch pads in laptops or external devices?

<p>To replace a mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of devices that a USB host controller can support using a 7-bit identifier?

<p>127 devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between horizontal and vertical pixel counts of a monitor referred to as?

<p>Aspect ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the refresh rate being supported by both the graphics adapter and the monitor?

<p>Prevents input lag</p> Signup and view all the answers

What security risk is associated with improperly set up webcams?

<p>Unauthorized access</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum speed specified by eSATA specifications?

<p>6 Gbps</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the analog technology presented in the text most often refer to and label as?

<p>YPbPr</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the original Google Glass?

<p>1.51 oz</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Virtual Reality (VR) headsets and smartphone-based VR headsets?

<p>Embedded sensors for positional and rotational tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the touch pad on Google Glass?

<p>Navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the controversial aspect of Google Glass that sparked privacy concerns?

<p>Built-in camera</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of audio devices in wearable technology?

<p>Produce sound through speakers or headphones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the business applications for Virtual Reality (VR) mentioned in the text?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including an integrated circuit chip (ICC) in credit cards?

<p>To provide a security measure and convenience for transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components are contained in the integrated circuit chip (ICC) in credit cards?

<p>RAM, ROM, PROM, and a 16-bit CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term commonly used to refer to plastic cards with embedded chips that can store more than financial information?

<p>Smart cards</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using smart card readers in organizations for multifactor authentication?

<p>They support the 'something you have' principle for access control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of technology does composite video combine into one signal?

<p>Luma and chroma leads</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of composite video?

<p>It is more susceptible to undesirable video phenomena and artifacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to refer to the signal received by over-the-air antennas or cable-TV feeds?

<p>NTSC signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the yellow RCA jack in composite video?

<p>To transmit the luma signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of smart cards over traditional magnetic stripe cards?

<p>They can store more than financial information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology is used in smart cards to link back to security permissions and other employee information?

<p>RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a KVM switch allow you to do?

<p>Connect multiple computers to one keyboard, monitor, and mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an external optical drive?

<p>To enhance the internal storage capacity of a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of NAS systems?

<p>They act like their own file servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do external storage drives do?

<p>They enhance the storage capacity of a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do NAS systems connect to the network?

<p>Through a network</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a KVM switch?

<p>To connect multiple computers to the same keyboard, monitor, and mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of an external optical drive?

<p>To enhance the internal storage capacity of a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do NAS systems provide storage space on a network?

<p>Through a network</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of external storage drives?

<p>They enhance the storage capacity of a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do KVM switches allow you to use multiple computers?

<p>By connecting them to the same keyboard, monitor, and mouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components contained in the integrated circuit chip (ICC) found in credit cards?

<p>RAM, ROM, PROM, and a 16-bit CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the multifunctional uses of plastic cards with embedded chips, also known as smart cards?

<p>They can store more than financial information, such as employee ID or other employee information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle that smart card readers serve as an instrument of?

<p>The 'something you have' principle of multifactor authentication for access to computing assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of magnetic or chip readers in the context of credit or debit-based transactions?

<p>To make it easy for shoppers to complete transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of smart cards for organizations implementing multifactor authentication?

<p>Value in multifactor authentication for access to their computing assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the additional convenience mechanisms provided by credit card producers in addition to the security precaution of ICC chips?

<p>Allowing commerce to happen anywhere a cellular connection can be made, and ease of completing transactions for shoppers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of information that plastic cards with embedded chips can store, beyond financial information?

<p>Employee ID, which a computer system can link back to security permissions, and other employee information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common confusion faced by users when using credit or debit cards with magnetic or chip readers?

<p>Knowing whether to slide or insert the card based on the retailer's requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of plastic cards with embedded chips, also known as smart cards?

<p>They can store more than financial information, and they serve as an instrument of the 'something you have' principle for multifactor authentication for access to computing assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the technological advancements that have made smart card readers indispensable for organizations implementing multifactor authentication?

<p>As more organizations discover the value in multifactor authentication, smart card readers have become indispensable as an instrument of the 'something you have' principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common access cards (CACs) used for in the United States government and military?

<p>Visual identification and chip-based smart cards</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology is utilized by NFC and tap pay devices to transmit credit card information?

<p>Near field communication (NFC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do smartphones facilitate payments at NFC or tap pay terminals?

<p>Through services like Apple Pay and Google Pay, often requiring user authorization with a touch sensor or PIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the various families of printers mentioned in the text?

<p>Impact, thermal, inkjet, and laser printers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do scanners use to create high-resolution images?

<p>Light to reflect off surfaces and measure reflections of dots</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do charge-coupled devices (CCDs) commonly do in scanners?

<p>Convert received light into electrical impulses for image processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature are multifunction devices often equipped with for scanning multiple sheets at once?

<p>Automatic document feeders (ADFs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can portable document scanners perform during scanning?

<p>Optical character recognition (OCR) and creating PDFs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a KVM switch allow users to do?

<p>Switch between sets of input and output devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of input and output devices in information technology, as emphasized in the text?

<p>Authentication, transaction processing, document management, and device connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'KVM' stand for and what is the purpose of a KVM switch?

<p>The term 'KVM' stands for 'keyboard, video, and mouse'. The purpose of a KVM switch is to allow multiple computers to be attached to the same keyboard, monitor, and mouse, enabling the use of these devices with only one system at a time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of connections are commonly used for external optical drives and external storage drives, and how do they enhance computer storage capacity?

<p>External optical drives and external storage drives commonly connect via USB or eSATA. They enhance computer storage capacity by providing additional storage space and the ability to share storage across a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the features and connectivity options of a network-attached storage (NAS) device?

<p>A network-attached storage (NAS) device is a self-enclosed unit that can hold multiple hard drives, with some models enabling hot-swapping of hard drives and built-in fault tolerance. NAS devices contain their own operating system and connect to the network, typically via USB or eSATA for initial setup and configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of devices that USB host controllers can support, and what is the reserved identifier for?

<p>USB host controllers can support up to 127 devices using a 7-bit identifier, with the 128th identifier reserved for broadcast to all endpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary purposes of using external optical drives, external storage drives, and network-attached storage (NAS) devices in a computer system?

<p>The primary purposes of using external optical drives, external storage drives, and network-attached storage (NAS) devices in a computer system are to expand storage capacity, enable data backups, and provide networked storage for multiple users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common connector types available for KVM switches, and how are different systems selected for attachment?

<p>KVM switches come in a variety of models with different connector types available. Different systems can be selected for attachment using either a dial or buttons, depending on the specific KVM switch model.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common connectivity options for NAS systems, and what is the role of a NAS device within a network?

<p>NAS systems commonly connect to a PC through USB or eSATA for setup and configuration, and they connect to the network to provide storage space accessible to network users. The NAS device acts like its own file server within the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary benefits of using a KVM switch, and what are some common use cases for KVM switches?

<p>The primary benefits of using a KVM switch include reducing clutter and saving space by using a single set of keyboard, monitor, and mouse for multiple systems. Common use cases for KVM switches include alternating between a desktop computer and a laptop docking station, and managing multiple servers in a server room.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main features of external network-attached storage (NAS) devices, and how do they differ from internal storage options?

<p>External network-attached storage (NAS) devices can hold multiple hard drives, enable hot-swapping, and have built-in fault tolerance. They differ from internal storage options by providing additional storage capacity and functioning as their own file servers within a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using external storage drives, and what connectivity options do they typically use?

<p>External storage drives are used to enhance storage capacity and provide networked storage. They typically connect via USB or eSATA for data transfer and setup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Hard Drive Connector Technologies

  • PATA drives use a 40-pin flat data cable with an off-colored stripe designating pin 1 and can have two drives per cable in a master and slave configuration
  • PATA drives are powered by a 4-pin Molex connector
  • SCSI, pronounced "scuzzy," was commonly used in servers and high-end workstations, with early versions using a parallel bus interface called SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI)
  • The original SCSI standard had an 8-bit bus supporting up to seven devices with unique IDs and required a terminator at the end of the chain
  • SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI) was replaced by Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) in 2005, which is a serial bus supporting up to 16,256 devices and faster data transfer speeds
  • SAS differs from SPI and can be connected to SATA drives
  • A SAS system consists of initiator, target, service delivery subsystem, and expander components
  • SAS standards and speeds have evolved, with SAS-4 offering 22.5 Gbps throughput in 2017
  • SAS offers advantages over SPI, including not requiring a terminator, supporting more devices, and providing faster data transfer speeds
  • The future of SAS may lie in corporate environments with large-scale storage solutions, while M.2 and NVMe drives provide leading-edge speed for workstations
  • The text also includes detailed figures and tables illustrating PATA and SCSI connectors, terminators, SAS cables, and SAS standards and speeds
  • The text explains the differences in connectors, configurations, and standards for PATA, SCSI, and SAS hard drives

Types of Connectors and Cables in Computing

  • The Type-C connector can be considered a mini-HDMI interface, while the Type-D connector is referred to as micro-HDMI.
  • Mini-HDMI and micro-HDMI connectors are commonly used in smaller portable devices like tablets, smartphones, and digital cameras.
  • The Type-E connector is designed with a locking mechanism for use in environments prone to vibration, such as automobiles.
  • DisplayPort is a digital display interface introduced in 2008 to replace VGA and DVI, offering backward compatibility with both standards.
  • DisplayPort is primarily intended for video but can also transmit audio, with cables extending to 3 meters, or 33 meters with an active cable.
  • The DisplayPort standard also includes a smaller connector called the Mini DisplayPort (MDP), which lacks the latching mechanism of the full-size DP connector.
  • Hard drives typically use connectors such as SATA, PATA, SCSI, and eSATA, with optical drives using the same connectors as hard drives.
  • The most common hard drive connector used today is Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA), available in internal and external versions.
  • External SATA (eSATA) entered the market in 2003, primarily intended for hard drive use and supporting up to 15 devices on a single bus.
  • eSATA specifications include versions with speeds of 1.5 Gbps, 3.0 Gbps, and 6.0 Gbps, commonly referred to as SATA 6 or SATA 6Gb/s.
  • eSATA does not provide power, but there is a combination eSATA and USB port known as Power over eSATA, eSATA+, eSATAp, or eSATA/USB.
  • Prior to SATA, the most popular hard drive connector was Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), now known as Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA).

Peripheral Cables and Connectors

  • Active converters containing chips are necessary in situations where technology is not directly pin-compatible with Thunderbolt, such as VGA and DVI-A analog monitor inputs.
  • Active converters are slightly more expensive than passive counterparts but much cheaper than Thunderbolt hubs.
  • Active connectors can support resolutions of 4K (3840 × 2160) and higher, providing an advantage over passive converters.
  • Serial ports were considered slow and inferior to parallel ports before the introduction of USB around 20 years ago.
  • Serial ports were commonly used for peripherals not requiring high-speed data transfer, such as mice, modems, and printers.
  • RS-232 is a communications standard for serial transmission, and it can be used over various types of serial cables, not just DB-9.
  • USB made old-school serial ports nearly obsolete due to its advantages, including shorter cable length and better resistance to electromagnetic interference.
  • FireWire (IEEE 1394) was initially fast (400 Mbps), easy to use, and could provide power to attached devices, but it lost out to USB and video standards and became obsolete around 2007.
  • Audio ports on PCs and laptops have remained relatively standard for decades.
  • Small, 1/8" (3.5 mm) analog sound jacks provide left- and right-channel stereo audio and have remained unchanged for decades.
  • RCA jacks and connectors, developed by RCA Victor Company, are used to transmit audio and video information but have been largely supplanted by HDMI.
  • Component video technology splits the red, green, and blue components in the signal into different streams, providing better-quality video when analog technologies are used for broadcast video.

Peripheral Cables and Connectors

  • Active converters containing chips are necessary in situations where technology is not directly pin-compatible with Thunderbolt, such as VGA and DVI-A analog monitor inputs.
  • Active converters are slightly more expensive than passive counterparts but much cheaper than Thunderbolt hubs.
  • Active connectors can support resolutions of 4K (3840 × 2160) and higher, providing an advantage over passive converters.
  • Serial ports were considered slow and inferior to parallel ports before the introduction of USB around 20 years ago.
  • Serial ports were commonly used for peripherals not requiring high-speed data transfer, such as mice, modems, and printers.
  • RS-232 is a communications standard for serial transmission, and it can be used over various types of serial cables, not just DB-9.
  • USB made old-school serial ports nearly obsolete due to its advantages, including shorter cable length and better resistance to electromagnetic interference.
  • FireWire (IEEE 1394) was initially fast (400 Mbps), easy to use, and could provide power to attached devices, but it lost out to USB and video standards and became obsolete around 2007.
  • Audio ports on PCs and laptops have remained relatively standard for decades.
  • Small, 1/8" (3.5 mm) analog sound jacks provide left- and right-channel stereo audio and have remained unchanged for decades.
  • RCA jacks and connectors, developed by RCA Victor Company, are used to transmit audio and video information but have been largely supplanted by HDMI.
  • Component video technology splits the red, green, and blue components in the signal into different streams, providing better-quality video when analog technologies are used for broadcast video.

Choosing and Using Projection Systems and Webcams

  • Projection systems are rated and purchased based on lumens of brightness and maximum supported resolution.
  • Brightness is often a more important selling point than resolution, depending on the operating environment.
  • Video projection requires more lumens than static image projection, and 3D output requires roughly double the lumens of 2D projection.
  • Different environments require different lumens output, e.g., a home theater needs 1,300 to 4,500 lumens, while an office needs 2,500 to 6,000 lumens.
  • A 60W standard light bulb produces about 800 lumens, while a 100W light bulb produces over double, at 1,700 lm.
  • Projector bulbs use high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, which produce more visible light using a smaller electrical discharge.
  • Projector bulbs are considerably more expensive than standard bulbs due to the use of metal halide gases and potential handmade manufacturing.
  • Skipping the cooling down phase of the projector bulb can be costly due to the high price of projector bulbs.
  • Webcams gained popularity with the growth of the Internet and are often used for instant messaging and security purposes.
  • Webcams lack self-contained recording mechanisms and transfer captured video directly to the host computer, typically for further transfer over the Internet.
  • Built-in webcams are common in laptops, often with a light and microphones, while external webcams connect through USB or have built-in network interfaces.
  • Improperly set up webcams can pose security risks, as anyone who accesses the web interface can control the camera's actions if there is no authentication enabled.

Understanding Display Settings and Projection Systems

  • The NVIDIA Control Panel allows users to change resolution and refresh rate, with additional settings accessible through the left-hand menu.
  • Aspect ratio refers to the relationship between horizontal and vertical pixel counts of a monitor, such as 4:3 or 16:10, and how this affects display resolutions.
  • Monitors are trending towards a 16:9 aspect ratio, making 1920x1080 more common than 1920x1200.
  • Using two monitors simultaneously can be beneficial for tasks like working with multiple spreadsheets or giving presentations with presenter’s view and slide show projection.
  • Connecting an external display device may require settings adjustment or resolution and orientation changes for it to be recognized and function properly.
  • In Windows 10, users can extend their desktop onto a second monitor or clone the desktop on the second monitor by changing display settings.
  • Projectors are portable video display systems that project images onto flat surfaces for group viewing, with interactive white boards allowing electronic markups.
  • Projectors include a focusing mechanism, adjustments like keystone and trapezoid, and the ability to rotate the image for ceiling-mount applications.
  • Brightness of a projected image is measured in lumens, with higher lumens count producing a brighter image, and lux measuring how much the projector lights up the surface.
  • Increased ambient light can interfere with projected images, which can be mitigated by increasing the brightness of the projector.
  • A lumen is a unit of measure for the total amount of visible light that the projector gives off, based solely on what the human eye can perceive, not on invisible wavelengths.
  • The lux is a derivative of lumens measuring how much the projector lights up the surface on which it is focused, and decreases as the projector is trained on a larger surface.

Wearable Technology Overview

  • Virtual reality (VR) headsets have embedded sensors for positional and rotational tracking, offering precise head movement detection within a millimeter, and come with a handheld game controller for user interaction.
  • Smartphone-based VR headsets are essentially head straps with phone carriers and blinders to block out light, providing similar effects to PC-based systems, although generally considered inferior in quality.
  • Business applications for VR include store employee training, engineering design inspection, medical training, and hands-on training in various fields.
  • Google Glass is a controversial glasses-mounted computer that projects an augmented reality (AR) display a few inches from the user's face, equivalent to looking at a 25" screen from about 8 feet away.
  • Google Glass features a touch pad for navigation, voice command inputs, and various built-in sensors, including a camera, which caused privacy concerns and sparked controversy.
  • The original Google Glass specifications include a weight of 1.51 oz, Glass OS, OMAP 4430 Dual Core CPU, 2 GB RAM, 16 GB storage, 640 × 360 pixel display, 5MP camera, and connectivity options.
  • Privacy and safety concerns were raised due to the potential for covert recording, prompting establishments to ban Google Glass and raising legal and safety issues.
  • Despite controversies, Google Glass has found limited use in commercial applications, such as in surgical operations, aiding children with autism, and enhancing the effectiveness of delivery drivers, law enforcement personnel, and journalists.
  • Google Glass Enterprise Edition 2.0, released in 2017, targeted business applications and made minor upgrades to Wi-Fi and storage space, maintaining most other specifications from the original version.
  • Other companies have developed similar wearable smart glasses, including EyeTap, Golden-i, Microsoft HoloLens, Vuzix, and the Epson Moverio.
  • Audio devices produce sound by plugging into a sound card, which can be integrated into a device's motherboard or exist as separate audio expansion cards.
  • Audio devices can provide output through speakers or headphones, or input with a microphone, typically utilizing a 1/8" (3.5 mm) audio connector with two thin black bands separating the tip, ring, and sleeve.

Wearable Technology Overview

  • Virtual reality (VR) headsets have embedded sensors for positional and rotational tracking, offering precise head movement detection within a millimeter, and come with a handheld game controller for user interaction.
  • Smartphone-based VR headsets are essentially head straps with phone carriers and blinders to block out light, providing similar effects to PC-based systems, although generally considered inferior in quality.
  • Business applications for VR include store employee training, engineering design inspection, medical training, and hands-on training in various fields.
  • Google Glass is a controversial glasses-mounted computer that projects an augmented reality (AR) display a few inches from the user's face, equivalent to looking at a 25" screen from about 8 feet away.
  • Google Glass features a touch pad for navigation, voice command inputs, and various built-in sensors, including a camera, which caused privacy concerns and sparked controversy.
  • The original Google Glass specifications include a weight of 1.51 oz, Glass OS, OMAP 4430 Dual Core CPU, 2 GB RAM, 16 GB storage, 640 × 360 pixel display, 5MP camera, and connectivity options.
  • Privacy and safety concerns were raised due to the potential for covert recording, prompting establishments to ban Google Glass and raising legal and safety issues.
  • Despite controversies, Google Glass has found limited use in commercial applications, such as in surgical operations, aiding children with autism, and enhancing the effectiveness of delivery drivers, law enforcement personnel, and journalists.
  • Google Glass Enterprise Edition 2.0, released in 2017, targeted business applications and made minor upgrades to Wi-Fi and storage space, maintaining most other specifications from the original version.
  • Other companies have developed similar wearable smart glasses, including EyeTap, Golden-i, Microsoft HoloLens, Vuzix, and the Epson Moverio.
  • Audio devices produce sound by plugging into a sound card, which can be integrated into a device's motherboard or exist as separate audio expansion cards.
  • Audio devices can provide output through speakers or headphones, or input with a microphone, typically utilizing a 1/8" (3.5 mm) audio connector with two thin black bands separating the tip, ring, and sleeve.

Key Input and Output Devices in Information Technology

  • Common access cards (CACs) are used by the United States government and military as visual identification and chip-based smart cards.
  • Smart card readers are used to validate employees and access the chip on the smart card, which may contain public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates.
  • NFC and tap pay devices are extensions of smart cards, using near field communication (NFC) to transmit credit card information to complete transactions.
  • Smartphones can be used for payments at NFC or tap pay terminals through services like Apple Pay and Google Pay, often requiring user authorization with a touch sensor or PIN.
  • Printers are important output devices, with various families such as impact, thermal, inkjet, and laser printers, each requiring specific installation and connectivity.
  • Scanners use light to reflect off surfaces and measure reflections of dots to create high-resolution images, often integrated into multifunctional printers or copiers.
  • Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are commonly used in scanners to convert received light into electrical impulses for image processing.
  • Flatbed scanners and multifunction devices are prolific, with the latter often equipped with automatic document feeders (ADFs) for scanning multiple sheets at once.
  • Portable document scanners are compact and efficient, capable of performing optical character recognition (OCR) and creating PDFs during scanning.
  • A KVM switch allows users to switch between sets of input and output devices, providing flexibility in managing multiple devices.
  • The text emphasizes the significance of these input and output devices in information technology and their roles in authentication, transaction processing, document management, and device connectivity.
  • These devices are crucial in various contexts, from government and military use to commercial and personal applications, showcasing their widespread relevance in modern technology.

Key Input and Output Devices in Information Technology

  • Common access cards (CACs) are used by the United States government and military as visual identification and chip-based smart cards.
  • Smart card readers are used to validate employees and access the chip on the smart card, which may contain public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates.
  • NFC and tap pay devices are extensions of smart cards, using near field communication (NFC) to transmit credit card information to complete transactions.
  • Smartphones can be used for payments at NFC or tap pay terminals through services like Apple Pay and Google Pay, often requiring user authorization with a touch sensor or PIN.
  • Printers are important output devices, with various families such as impact, thermal, inkjet, and laser printers, each requiring specific installation and connectivity.
  • Scanners use light to reflect off surfaces and measure reflections of dots to create high-resolution images, often integrated into multifunctional printers or copiers.
  • Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) are commonly used in scanners to convert received light into electrical impulses for image processing.
  • Flatbed scanners and multifunction devices are prolific, with the latter often equipped with automatic document feeders (ADFs) for scanning multiple sheets at once.
  • Portable document scanners are compact and efficient, capable of performing optical character recognition (OCR) and creating PDFs during scanning.
  • A KVM switch allows users to switch between sets of input and output devices, providing flexibility in managing multiple devices.
  • The text emphasizes the significance of these input and output devices in information technology and their roles in authentication, transaction processing, document management, and device connectivity.
  • These devices are crucial in various contexts, from government and military use to commercial and personal applications, showcasing their widespread relevance in modern technology.

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