Harappan Civilization

Geography and Climate

• The Harappan civilization flourished in the Indus Valley region, which includes modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India.
• The civilization thrived in the fertile plains surrounding the Indus River and its tributaries.

Timeline

• The Early Harappan phase: 3300-2600 BCE
• The Mature Harappan phase: 2600-1900 BCE
• The Late Harappan phase: 1900-1300 BCE

Cities and Architecture

• Major cities: Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Lothal, and Kalibangan
• Cities were built with baked brick and had advanced drainage systems
• The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro is a notable architectural achievement

Economy and Trade

• The Harappans were skilled farmers, growing crops like wheat, barley, and cotton
• They were also skilled craftsmen, producing pottery, jewelry, and metalwork
• Trade networks extended to Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf, and China

Social Hierarchy

• The Harappans had a complex, three-tiered social hierarchy:
  1. Rulers and priests
  2. Merchants and artisans
  3. Laborers and farmers

Writing System

• The Harappans had a written script, but it remains undeciphered
• Over 4000 inscriptions have been found, mostly on seals and pottery

Decline and Legacy

• The Harappan civilization declined around 1900 BCE, likely due to climate change and drought
• The Harappans made significant contributions to urban planning, architecture, and water management
• Their legacy can be seen in the development of later Indian civilizations