Harappan Civilization and Trade Theories
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Questions and Answers

According to E.J.H.Mackay, what may have led to the Harappan civilization?

  • Migration of people from Egypt
  • Migration of people from Sumer (correct)
  • Migration of people from China
  • Migration of people from Greece

    • What did Mortimer Wheeler argue for in terms of migration?

  • Migration of ideas, not people (correct)
  • Migration of technology, not people
  • Migration of people, not ideas
  • No migration theory

    • What is a significant difference between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations?

  • They had the same script
  • They had similar settlement layouts
  • They both extensively used bronze
  • The Harappans had a large-scale canal system (correct)

    • Why does the emergence of city life in Mesopotamia before the Harappan context not imply derivation?

    <p>Because there are striking differences between the two civilizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Harappan settlements were villages?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which settlement was estimated to have a population as large as Mohenjodaro?

    <p>Lurewala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated size of Gurni Kalan I in Bhatinda district?

    <p>144 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was once thought to be the layout of streets and houses in Harappan cities?

    <p>Grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sites falls under the second rung of Harappan settlements based on its size?

    <p>Judeirjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the cities depend on villages for?

    <p>Food and perhaps also labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate prelude to the Harappan phase?

    <p>The emergence of settled farming communities in Baluchistan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the limitation of Amalananda Ghosh's hypothesis about the Sothi culture?

    <p>It was based exclusively on a comparison of pottery and did not consider other material traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of diffusionist theories according to the text?

    <p>They rest on questionable assumptions and flawed logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text criticize diffusionist theories?

    <p>Because they do not explain cultural transformations effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diffusion not necessarily require?

    <p>Migration of people from one area to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Amalananda Ghosh focus on in his identification of similarities between the pre-Harappan and mature Harappan culture?

    <p>Pottery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diffusionist theories often rely on to argue their case?

    <p>'Proof' of diffusion based on superficial resemblances between cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of diffusionist theories according to the text?

    <p>'Proof' of diffusion based on superficial resemblances between cultures is flawed logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Amalananda Ghosh's limitation when identifying similarities between Sothi pottery and Harappan pottery?

    <p>He ignored the many differences between Sothi and Harappan cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary when making a case for cultural influence?

    <p>It is necessary to consider need and acceptance for influence in recipient cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were Ghosh's findings regarding Sothi pottery?

    <p>He found similarities with pottery from Zhob, Quetta, Kalibangan, Kot Diji, Harappa, and Mohenjodaro.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Ghosh's hypothesis about Sothi culture ignore?

    <p>The many differences between Sothi and Harappan cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bricks were used to build the ground-level houses in the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Standardized mud-bricks in the 1:2:3 and 1:2:4 size ratios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of seals were found at the early Harappan site?

    <p>Six steatite seals and one shell seal bearing geometric patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of jewelry was discovered in some of the houses at the early Harappan site?

    <p>Two silver tiaras, gold ornaments, and beads made of semiprecious stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site had mud-brick houses with hearths and plastered storage pits in the courtyards during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Banawali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of artefacts were found at Rakhigarhi in early Harappan Period I?

    <p>Pottery with graffiti, terracotta wheels, carts, rattles, and bull figurines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where have early Harappan levels been identified along the Ghaggar-Hakra?

    <p>Siswal and Balu in Haryana, and Rohira and Mahorana in Punjab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of wall fortified the settlement at Dholavira?

    <p>Stone rubble set in mud mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lamberg-Karlovsky suggest about the emergence of an early urban interaction sphere?

    <p>It played an important role in Harappan urbanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kinds of objects were found at sites such as Padri and Kuntasi in Saurashtra?

    <p>Pottery included perforated jars and dish-on-stand, and there was evidence of copper artefacts, stone blades, shell objects, terracotta cakes, and stone beads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the remains from Period IB at Fatehabad district include?

    <p>Vestiges of structures made of mud- bricks in the ratio of 1:2:3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of objects were discovered at the site of Dholavira?

    <p>Terracotta marbles and pendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of settlement did Mehrgarh consist of?

    <p>A settlement with a citadel complex and a lower residential area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of pottery was mostly found in Period I at Mehrgarh?

    <p>Wheel-made pottery decorated with brownish bands of paint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the excavators note about the occurrence of Kot Diji style vessels at Mehrgarh?

    <p>They indicate links with the Indus valley by the end of Period VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Jarrige suggest about the early Harappan phases at Nausharo and Mehrgarh?

    <p>They were contemporaneous and can be dated around 2600–2550 BCE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dominant pottery type in Period IV at Gumla in the Gomal valley?

    <p>'Kot Dijian' pottery forms and designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found at Rehman Dheri in addition to stone blades, copper, and bronze tools?

    <p>Beads of lapis lazuli and turquoise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was clearly indicated about Lewan based on the excavations?

    <p>It was a factory site where various kinds of stone tools were made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Tarakai Qila give evidence of based on the findings?

    <p>Evidence of wheat, barley, lentils, field pea, and stone blades with sheen typical of sickles used for harvesting grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dominant pottery type in Period II at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province?

    <p>Kot Dijian pottery type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apart from stone tools, what else was found in different stages of production at Lewan?

    <p>Beads and bead making material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of transition occurred within Period II at Sarai Khola?

    <p>Transition from pit dwellings to mud-brick houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Period II at Sarai Khola give evidence of?

    <p>Evidence of wheat, barley, lentils, field pea, and stone blades with sheen typical of sickles used for harvesting grain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the settlement size of the early Harappan phase at Harappa (Period II)?

    <p>25 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change from the Hakra wares phase to the Kot Dijian phase?

    <p>Increase in specialized craft activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the distinctive features of the pottery from Period I at Kalibangan?

    <p>Red or pink color with black and white designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the materials used to make disc beads during the early Harappan phase at Kalibangan?

    <p>Steatite and carnelian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant find made to the south of Period I at Kalibangan?

    <p>Ploughed field surface showing furrow marks left by a plough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that the early Harappan phase at Harappa had elements of planning?

    <p>Layout of houses and streets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the materials used to make beads during the early Harappan phase at Harappa?

    <p>Lapis lazuli and carnelian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the dramatic change from a nomadic life to permanent settlement in the Cholistan region?

    <p>Transition to Kot Dijian phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the presence of writing during the early Harappan phase at Harappa?

    <p>Evidence of inscribed seals and standardized weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Shereen Ratnagar suggest about the role of Indus–Mesopotamian trade in the rise and decline of the Harappan civilization?

    <p>There is no evidence to support its impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'cultural convergence' described by the Allchins?

    <p>A process of transitioning from regional traditions to cultural uniformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the discovery of hoards of jewellery at Kunal imply?

    <p>A fairly high level of concentration of wealth in the society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is significant about the appearance of the 'horned deity' at various places?

    <p>It suggests a continuity in religious and symbolic spheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chakrabarti, what may have been a crucial factor for the spread of settlements in the active floodplain of the Indus?

    <p>Craft specialization instigated by copper metallurgy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why it is difficult to deduce changes in social organization from archaeological data?

    <p>Archaeological data does not always reveal social and political changes clearly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gaps exist in understanding the relationship between the early and mature Harappan phases?

    <p>There is inadequate information about early levels at some sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the author mention a burnt deposit between early and mature Harappan levels at Kot Diji and Gumla?

    <p>To emphasize an environmental catastrophe that affected those sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cholistan's occupancy pattern suggest about the transition from early to mature Harappan phase?

    <p>The transition was marked by significant site abandonments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the lack of understanding about the relationship between the early and mature Harappan phases?

    <p>The inadequate information about early levels at some sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may have led to the transition from proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life according to Chakrabarti?

    <p>Craft specialization instigated by copper metallurgy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the range of raw materials used by the pre-Harappans?

    <p>Similar to the mature Harappan phase, except for jade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did M.R. Mughal argue about the 'pre-Harappan' phase?

    <p>It represented the early, formative phase of the Harappan culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pottery was found in the early Harappan phase at Balakot?

    <p>Wheel-made and painted, similar to the polychrome ware of Nal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Period I at Amri represent?

    <p>Early Harappan phase in the southern part of the Indus valley and Baluchistan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was found at Kot Diji?

    <p>Early and mature Harappan levels with a burnt deposit in between</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials were used to make beads in the early Harappan phase at Balakot?

    <p>Lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were remains found at Balakot from the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Barley, vetch, legumes, and ber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of structures appeared in Period IC at Amri?

    <p>Multiple cellular compartments, perhaps used for storing grain or as platforms for buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site lies about 2 km from the right bank of the Indus?

    <p>Amri in Sindh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did M.R.Mughal compare in his comprehensive analysis?

    <p>Pottery, stone tools, metal artefacts, architecture, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Period III represent at Amri?

    <p>Mature Harappan phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mortimer Wheeler propose as a possible explanation for the Harappan civilization?

    <p>Diffusion of ideas from West Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Marshall assert in his report on Mohenjo-daro?

    <p>The Indus civilization had a long antecedent history in India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did E.J.H. Mackay suggest as a possible cause for the Harappan civilization?

    <p>Migration of ideas from Sumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the emergence of city life in Mesopotamia before it appeared in the Harappan context not imply derivation?

    <p>Different settlement layouts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of villages in relation to the Harappan cities?

    <p>They provided food and possibly labor to the cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the size and function of the Harappan settlements?

    <p>The settlements varied widely in size and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the streets and houses of Harappan cities?

    <p>They followed a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are some of the very large Harappan sites recently reported?

    <p>In Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Mansa district</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we know about the range of raw materials used by the pre-Harappans?

    <p>They used a wide range of raw materials from different regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests that some settlements were even smaller than those mentioned?

    <p>The presence of settlements ranging from 1–5 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dominant material used to construct the wall surrounding the settlement at Rehman Dheri in the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Limestone rubble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pottery was mostly found in Period I at Mehrgarh during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Wheel-made and decorated with brownish bands of paint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggested links with the Indus valley by the end of Period VII at Mehrgarh?

    <p>Long flint blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of Period II at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Transition from pit dwellings to mud-brick houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary material found at Lewan during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Stone tools in various stages of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the transition from the early Harappan levels to the transitional and mature Harappan phase at Nausharo?

    <p>Shift from pit dwellings to mud-brick houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of Tarakai Qila based on the evidence found?

    <p>Wheat and barley cultivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the dominant types of stone tools found at Lewan during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Microliths and heavy stone artefacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What artifacts suggest links with Afghanistan and central Asia during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Beads made from lapis lazuli and turquoise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of walls were used to fortify the settlement of Dholavira during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Stone rubble set in mud mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which site gave evidence of a planned settlement and mud-brick structures in early Harappan Period I?

    <p>Rakhigarhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the size ratio of the standardized mud-bricks used to build ground-level houses in the early Harappan phase at Banawali?

    <p>1:2:3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material was NOT found among the hoards of jewelry discovered in some of the houses during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Copper jewelry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the possibility of an ancient game similar to pithu during the early Harappan times?

    <p>A stacked set of hopscotches found in an open area behind a structural complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material was NOT used to make beads during the early Harappan phase at Kuntasi in Saurashtra?

    <p>Alabaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the material used for making terracotta marbles discovered during the early Harappan phase at Kuntasi?

    <p>Clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic artifact found during the early Harappan phase at Siswal and Balu?

    <p>Terracotta wheels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bhirrana provide valuable information on?

    <p>Processes leading to the Harappan civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the remains of Period IB at Fatehabad district include?

    <p>Vestiges of structures made of mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of pottery did Padri and Kuntasi show the existence of during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Bi-chrome wares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated size of the early Harappan settlement at Harappa in Period II?

    <p>25 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material were the houses made of in the early Harappan phase at Kalibangan?

    <p>Mud only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pottery was distinctive in color during the early Harappan phase at Kalibangan?

    <p>Red or pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant finds in Period I at Kalibangan?

    <p>A ploughed field surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of objects were found at Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Stone tools and copper objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggested a sharp increase in specialized craft activities during the Kot Dijian phase?

    <p>Presence of kilns in many settlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pottery was mostly found at Mehrgarh during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Red or pink pottery with black designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggested a transition between the early and mature Harappan phases at Sarai Khola?

    <p>A large quantity of pottery of a different type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significant about the transition from a nomadic life to permanent settlement in the Kot Dijian phase?

    <p>It led to a dramatic change in settlement patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material was used to make bangles during the early Harappan phase at Harappa?

    <p>Terracotta and shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was unique about some graffiti on pottery from Period I at Kalibangan?

    <p>It resembled writing from the mature Harappan phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports a significant change from a nomadic life to permanent settlement during the Kot Dijian phase?

    <p>Increase in size and number of settlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the process of 'cultural convergence'?

    <p>It involved a gradual transition from diverse regional traditions to a level of cultural uniformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a catalyst for the transition from the proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life according to Chakrabarti?

    <p>Development of copper metallurgy in Rajasthan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the emergence of a new, decisive political leadership?

    <p>It may have been a factor for the transition from proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the suggestion of a high concentration of wealth during the early Harappan phase at Kunal?

    <p>Presence of hoards of jewelry including a silver tiara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for the lack of understanding about the relationship between the early and mature Harappan phases?

    <p>Insufficient evidence about the earliest levels at some sites like Mohenjodaro and Harappa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Shereen Ratnagar's suggestion about Indus–Mesopotamian trade imply?

    <p>It had a minimal impact on the rise and decline of the Harappan civilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do findings about symbols similar to Harappan writing at early Harappan levels suggest?

    <p>They show evidence of increased inter-regional contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the evidence of a burnt deposit between early and mature Harappan levels at Kot Diji and Gumla indicate?

    <p>It implies a major fire event separating the two phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the discovery of hoards of jewelry at Kunal?

    <p>A high level of concentration of wealth and potential political implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the appearance of the 'horned deity' at multiple places?

    <p>It shows that cultural convergence was also operating in the religious and symbolic spheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on archaeological evidence, what does Chakrabarti propose as a crucial factor for spread of settlements in Indus plains?

    <p>Craft specialization instigated by copper metallurgy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did M.R. Mughal argue about the 'pre-Harappan' phase?

    <p>It represented the early, formative phase of the Harappan culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the pottery like in Period I at Amri during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Wheel-made and painted, with a variety of forms and geometric designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What materials were found at Balakot during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kot Diji represent in terms of the Harappan levels?

    <p>Both early and mature Harappan levels with a burnt deposit in between</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main feature of the pottery in Period I at Mehrgarh during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Wheel-made wares with polychrome painting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of artefacts were discovered at Rakhigarhi in early Harappan Period I?

    <p>Stone blades, copper, and bronze tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Period II represent at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province?

    <p>'Mature Harappan' level with a burnt deposit in between</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated size of Gurni Kalan I in Bhatinda district?

    <p>~500 hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of settlement did Mehrgarh consist of during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>~250 hectares village-like settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major criticism of diffusionist theories according to the text?

    <p>They fail to explain cultural transformations in new areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Amalananda Ghosh focus on in his identification of similarities between the pre-Harappan and mature Harappan culture?

    <p>Pottery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was there a limitation to Amalananda Ghosh's hypothesis about the Sothi culture?

    <p>It was based exclusively on a comparison of pottery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the dramatic change from a nomadic life to permanent settlement in the Cholistan region?

    <p>Acceptance and need for urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did diffusionist theories often rely on to argue their case?

    <p>Superficial resemblances between cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Shereen Ratnagar suggest about the role of Indus–Mesopotamian trade in the rise and decline of the Harappan civilization?

    <p>It played a significant role in the rise of the Harappan civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the problems with diffusionist theories highlighted in the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Marshall assert in his report on Mohenjo-daro?

    <p>The emergence of city life in Mesopotamia before it appeared in the Harappan context does imply derivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the presence of writing during the early Harappan phase at Harappa?

    <p>The occurrence of Kot Diji style vessels at Mehrgarh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the author criticize diffusionist theories?

    <p>They fail to explain cultural transformations in new areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E.J.H.Mackay proposed that the Harappan civilization may have originated from a migration of people from Sumer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mortimer Wheeler argued for a migration of people as the origin of the Harappan civilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emergence of city life in Mesopotamia happened after it appeared in the Egyptian and Harappan contexts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Harappan civilization can be explained as an offshoot or offspring of the Mesopotamian civilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M.R. Mughal argued that the term 'pre-Harappan' should be replaced by 'early Harappan'

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan phase is not considered important as a stepping-stone to urbanization

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pottery at Balakot during the early Harappan phase was not wheel-made and painted

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The remains of barley, vetch, legumes, and ber were not found at Balakot during the early Harappan phase

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Kot Diji has only an early Harappan level, with no transitional or mature Harappan level

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pottery in Period I at Amri showed only monochrome painting

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mud-brick structures were not present in Period I at Amri

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kot Diji is located on the right bank of the Indus

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan phase has been identified at a large number of sites, but not at Balakot or Kot Diji

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The range of raw materials used by the pre-Harappans was mostly different from that used in the mature Harappan phase

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dates for the early Harappan phase vary greatly from site to site, ranging from c. 3200–2600 BCE

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There were no remains of cattle found in the early Harappan phase at Balakot

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Mehrgarh was fortified with a massive wall made of limestone rubble and mud-brick.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pottery in Period I at Mehrgarh was mostly hand-made and decorated with brownish bands of paint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artefacts found at Mehrgarh included objects of stone, shell, and glass.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Mehrgarh showed strong Harappan influence by the end of Period VII.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan settlement at Lewan was clearly a factory site where various kinds of stone tools were made.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Period II at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan represents the mature Harappan phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Gumla in the Gomal valley, new pottery styles appeared in Period II that were different from the Kot Dijian style.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tarakai Qila gave evidence of wheat, barley, lentils, and field pea during the early Harappan phase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There were no stone artefacts found at Tarakai Qila during the early Harappan phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan settlement at Rehman Dheri had a planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Balakot during the early Harappan phase, beads of lapis lazuli and turquoise were found, indicating exchange with Afghanistan and central Asia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jarrige suggests that Period IC at Nausharo was earlier than Mehrgarh Period VIIC.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The story of the origins of settled farming communities in Baluchistan can be traced to the 7th millennium BCE.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amalananda Ghosh was the first archaeologist to identify similarities between a pre-Harappan culture and the mature Harappan culture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghosh's hypothesis about the Sothi culture was not based exclusively on a comparison of pottery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusionist theories suggest that technologies or cultural transformations get transported and transplanted into new areas in a simple or automatic way.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are at least three independent centres of early agriculture identified in the text.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusionist theories often ignore the differences between cultures and emphasize only the superficial resemblances.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mere awareness of a different way of life leads to people changing their ways of doing things or living their lives, according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urbanization is a simple and uncomplicated process, according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultures never influence each other, according to the text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusionist theories were popular among archaeologists and historians in the 21st century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sothi culture should not be described as proto-Harappan, according to Ghosh's argument.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first thing to do in a diffusionist argument is to figure out in which part of the world the change first occurred.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of Harappan settlements were urban in character.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Harappan cities did not depend on villages for food and labor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The streets and houses of Harappan cities were laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest Harappan settlement, Lurewala in Cholistan, had an estimated population of about 25,000.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dhalewan in Punjab is a very large Harappan site, estimated to be about 100 ha in size.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The range of Harappan artefacts did not reach small village sites due to limited urban–rural interaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Copper artefacts, including bangles, pins, rings, and rods, did not make their appearance during the early Harappan phase at Harappa (Period II)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of the early Harappan phase at Harappa (Period II) was less than 25 ha in area

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Craftspeople used a limited variety of raw materials to produce a diverse range of items during the early Harappan phase at Harappa (Period II)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Writing was not evident on pottery and seals during the early Harappan phase at Harappa

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M.R. Mughal’s study (1997) showed an increase in the number of camp sites from 52.5% to 75% during the transition from Hakra wares phase to Kot Dijian phase

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement size of the Period I at Kalibangan was about 2 ha in size

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery in Period I at Kalibangan was blue or green in color with designs painted on in red and yellow

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of Banawali did not show a continuation of traits of the Hakra wares phase during Period IB

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kunal did not show any evidence of the early Harappan phase succeeded by a mature Harappan phase

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Period IC at Kunal was not transitional between the early and mature Harappan phases

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There was no evidence of writing on pottery and seals found at Kunal during the early Harappan phase

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Period IA belonged to the Kot Dijian phase

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The houses in the early Harappan phase at Kalibangan were made of standardized mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:3.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artefacts found at Rakhigarhi during the early Harappan Period I included inscribed seals and pottery with graffiti.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bhirrana, a site in Haryana, provided valuable information on the processes leading to the Harappan civilization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan levels have been identified at Siswal and Balu in Punjab, and Rohira and Mahorana in Haryana.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch had early Harappan levels and was fortified with an imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attempts have been made to connect the pottery traditions of the Harappan tradition with those of Mesopotamia and eastern Iran.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M.R. Mughal argued that the 'pre-Harappan' phase did not have any influence on the emergence of the Harappan urbanism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excavations at Padri and Kuntasi in Saurashtra showed the existence of a well-developed early Harappan horizon in Gujarat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The remains of Period IB at Fatehabad district included structures made of mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:4.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emergence of city life in Mesopotamia before it appeared in the Harappan context implies derivation from Mesopotamian culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rakhigarhi provides evidence of a planned settlement and stone structures in early Harappan Period I.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Bi-chrome wares' were among the pottery types found during Period IA at Bhirrana.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shereen Ratnagar suggests that Indus–Mesopotamian trade did not play an important role in the rise and decline of the Harappan civilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Allchins referred to the process of regional traditions transforming into cultural uniformity as 'cultural divergence'.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chakrabarti, craft specialization may have been instigated by the development of iron metallurgy in Rajasthan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emergence of a new, decisive political leadership is clearly evidenced in the archaeological data from the Harappan civilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are no early Harappan sites in the active Indus plain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transition from early to mature Harappan phase was always smooth at sites where both levels were present.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lothal, Desalpur, Chanhudaro, Mitathal, Alamgirpur, and Ropar are all mature Harappan sites without early Harappan levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The appearance of symbols similar to Harappan writing at early Harappan levels suggests a later development of the Harappan script.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kunal and Nausharo are examples of early Harappan sites where seals connected with traders or elite groups have been found.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The discovery of hoards of jewelry at Kunal suggests a low level of concentration of wealth during the early Harappan phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The discovery of the 'horned deity' at various places suggests that cultural convergence was not operating in the religious and symbolic spheres.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mortimer Wheeler suggested that migration was likely the origin of the Harappan civilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who argued for a migration of ideas, not people, as the cause of the Harappan civilization?

    <p>Mortimer Wheeler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Marshall assert in his report on Mohenjo-daro?

    <p>The Indus civilization must have had a long antecedent history on the soil of India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to E.J.H. Mackay, where might the migration that led to the Harappan civilization have come from?

    <p>Sumer (southern Mesopotamia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the emergence of city life in Mesopotamia before it appeared in the Egyptian and Harappan contexts not imply?

    <p>That the latter were derived from the former in a direct or indirect way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the immediate prelude to the Harappan phase, previously known as pre-Harappan?

    <p>The early Harappan phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first archaeologist to identify similarities between a pre-Harappan culture and the mature Harappan culture?

    <p>Amalananda Ghosh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the similarities identified by Amalananda Ghosh between the Sothi culture and the Harappan culture?

    <p>Similarities in pottery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of Ghosh's hypothesis about the Sothi culture?

    <p>Based exclusively on pottery comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diffusion and how is it used to explain cultural change?

    <p>Diffusion is a way of theorizing about cultural change by describing the spread of change from a point of origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some questionable assumptions and flawed logic associated with diffusionist theories?

    <p>Assumptions of connectedness between similar discoveries, emphasis on superficial resemblances, failure to explain cultural transformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for diffusion to occur according to the text?

    <p>Acceptance and preconditions in the recipient culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the criticism of diffusionist theories emphasize about cultural influence?

    <p>Cultures do influence each other, but it is necessary to consider existing questions and the need for influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the problems with diffusionist theories according to the text?

    <p>Assumptions of connectedness between similar discoveries, emphasis on superficial resemblances, and failure to explain cultural transformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the criticism of Ghosh's hypothesis about the Sothi culture?

    <p>Over-emphasis on pottery comparison and ignorance of differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the questionable assumptions associated with diffusionist theories?

    <p>Assumption of connectedness between similar discoveries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for cultural influence to be considered according to the text?

    <p>Consideration of existing questions and the need for influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the walls of the settlement at Mehrgarh made of?

    <p>limestone rubble and mud-brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the distinctive designs painted on the pottery in Period I at Mehrgarh?

    <p>‘horned deity’, pipal leaves and ‘fish scales’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What artifacts suggest links with the Indus valley by the end of Period VII at Mehrgarh?

    <p>fragments of triangular terracotta cakes, very long flint blades, and fragments of perforated jars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the pottery of Period IC at Nausharo resemble?

    <p>Mehrgarh Period VIIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main types of pottery found in Period II at Gumla?

    <p>Kot Dijian pottery forms and designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of settlement was Rehman Dheri in the early Harappan phase?

    <p>planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates exchange with Afghanistan and central Asia during the early Harappan phase at Rehman Dheri?

    <p>Beads of lapis lazuli and turquoise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of site was Lewan in the early 3rd millennium BCE?

    <p>a factory site where various kinds of stone tools were made</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence was found at Tarakai Qila related to agriculture?

    <p>wheat, barley, lentils, and field pea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the transition from pit dwellings to mud-brick houses in Period II at Sarai Khola?

    <p>Kot Dijian pottery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main types of stone artifacts found at Sarai Khola in Period II?

    <p>microliths, celts, and chisels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dominant pottery type in Period II at Sarai Khola?

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the typical range of Harappan artefacts found in small village sites?

    <p>Various kinds of goods produced in cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the largest settlements of the Harappan civilization?

    <p>Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Ganweriwala, Rakhigarhi, and Dholavira</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated population of Lurewala in Cholistan?

    <p>About 35,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated population of the very large Harappan site in Bhatinda district?

    <p>Gurni Kalan I (144 ha), Hasanpur II (about 100 ha), Lakhmirwala (225 ha), and Baglian Da Theh (about 100 ha)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the moderate-sized Harappan settlements?

    <p>Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some examples of smaller Harappan settlements?

    <p>Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, and Rojdi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first comprehensive analysis of the evidence from pre-Harappan sites in the greater Indus valley and north Baluchistan?

    <p>M.R.Mughal (1977)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which site in the coastal plain of Sonmiani Bay on the Makran coast, was Period II identified as early Harappan?

    <p>Balakot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the remains found at Amri in Sindh dating back to c. 3500 BCE?

    <p>Barley, vetch, legumes, and ber; bones of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, hare, deer, and pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Kot Diji located and in which period was it dated from c. 3300 BCE?

    <p>160 km north-east of Amri; Early Harappan Period I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the dominant types of pottery during Early Harappan Period I at Kot Diji?

    <p>Wheel-made wares with a great variety of forms and painted designs, mostly geometric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the date range for the early Harappan phase at the identified sites?

    <p>c. 3200–2600 BCE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the artefacts found at Balakot during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Microliths, humped bull figurines, copper objects, miscellaneous artefacts made of terracotta, shell, and bone, and beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the pottery during Early Harappan Period I at Amri in Sindh?

    <p>Wheel-made wares with a great variety of forms and painted designs, mostly geometric, using brown, black, and ochre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary material found at Lewan during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Mud-brick structures, sometimes supplemented with stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main types of beads found in the early Harappan phase at Balakot?

    <p>Beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some artefacts found at Rakhigarhi in early Harappan Period I?

    <p>Inscribed seals and pottery with graffiti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the materials used to make terracotta marbles discovered during the early Harappan phase at Kuntasi?

    <p>Terracotta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the materials used to produce a diverse range of items in the early Harappan phase at Harappa?

    <p>Terracotta, shell, copper, lapis lazuli, steatite, and shell bangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the distinctive color of the pottery in Period I at Kalibangan during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Red or pink with designs painted in black, sometimes also in white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the dramatic change from a nomadic life to permanent settlement in the Cholistan region during the Kot Dijian phase?

    <p>A sharp increase in specialized craft activities and the presence of kilns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the range of calibrated radiocarbon dates for Period I at Kalibangan during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>C. 2920–2550 BCE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of artefacts were found at Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Stone blades, terracotta cakes, shell bangles, disc beads made of steatite, carnelian, faience, gold, and silver, and over a hundred copper objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the transition from the early Harappan levels to the transitional and mature Harappan phase at Nausharo?

    <p>Period IA belonged to the Hakra wares phase; Period IB showed a continuation of traits from the earlier phase, but also a large quantity of pottery of the type found at Kalibangan I; Period IC was transitional between the early and mature Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Period II at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan represent?

    <p>The mature Harappan phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the raw materials used by the pre-Harappans?

    <p>Terracotta, shell, lapis lazuli, carnelian, and steatite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a catalyst for the transition from the proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life according to Chakrabarti?

    <p>The rise of specialized craft activities and the presence of kilns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the dominant types of stone tools found at Lewan during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Chert blades and a few stone celts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the discovery of hoards of jewellery at Kunal imply?

    <p>A significant rise in specialized craft activities and the presence of kilns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the dramatic change from a nomadic life to permanent settlement in the Cholistan region?

    <p>The presence of kilns and a sharp increase in specialized craft activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the process of a variety of regional traditions moving towards cultural uniformity?

    <p>cultural convergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the discovery of symbols similar to Harappan writing at early Harappan levels at various sites suggest?

    <p>The roots of the Harappan script go back to this phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a factor for the transition from the proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life by Chakrabarti?

    <p>increased level of craft specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the emergence of a new, decisive political leadership, significant changes in social organization, or a new ideology possibly lead to?

    <p>transition from proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one notable feature about the 'horned deity' found at a number of places?

    <p>The appearance of the 'horned deity' at a number of places suggests cultural convergence was also operating in the religious and symbolic spheres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the gaps in understanding the relationship between the early and mature Harappan phases?

    <p>Inadequate information about the earliest levels at some sites, absence of early Harappan levels at mature Harappan sites, and presence of early Harappan sites without mature Harappan levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a possible cause for the transition to the Harappan civilization by E.J.H. Mackay?

    <p>migration of people from Sumer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the transition from the early Harappan levels to the transitional and mature Harappan phase at some sites?

    <p>Evidence of burning, major fire, or earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the discovery of hoards of jewelry at Kunal suggest?

    <p>a fairly high level of concentration of wealth and possible political implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary material found at Lewan during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did M.R. Mughal compare in his comprehensive analysis?

    <p>Similarities between the pre-Harappan and mature Harappan culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggested links with the Indus valley by the end of Period VII at Mehrgarh?

    <p>Similar pottery and other artifacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the houses made of in the early Harappan phase at Banawali?

    <p>Mud-bricks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of jewelry were discovered in some of the houses during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Silver tiaras, gold ornaments, and beads made of semiprecious stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the excavations at Bhirrana provide valuable information on?

    <p>Processes leading to the Harappan civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the buildings made of at Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Standardized mud-bricks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence does the text imply about the game similar to pithu during the early Harappan times?

    <p>It may have existed during the early Harappan times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the external influence factor sometimes resurface as, despite undeniable evidence of cultural continuity from the early Harappan to the mature Harappan phase?

    <p>Sumerian influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the settlement at Dholavira have to fortify it during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>An imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the early Harappan levels at Sarai Khola give evidence of?

    <p>Terracotta wheels, carts, rattles, and bull figurines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the excavations at Padri and Kuntasi in Saurashtra show the existence of during the early Harappan phase?

    <p>Well-developed early Harappan horizon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the materials used to make beads during the early Harappan phase at Harappa?

    <p>Gold, semi-precious stones, and shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the remains of Period IB at Bhirrana include?

    <p>Structures made of mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the remains of Period I at Kalibangan marked by?

    <p>Pottery similar to that found at Kalibangan I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to E.J.H.Mackay, a migration of people from Sumer (southern Mesopotamia) may have led to the Harappan ______; other proponents of the migration theory included D.H.Gordon and S.N.Kramer.

    <p>civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mortimer Wheeler argued for a migration of ideas, not people—the idea of civilization was in the air of West Asia in the 3rd millennium BCE and the founders of the Harappan ______ had a model of civilization before them.

    <p>civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mesopotamians had a completely different script, a much greater use of bronze, different settlement layouts, and a large-scale canal system of the kind that seems absent in the Harappan ______.

    <p>civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Harappan ______ cannot be explained as an offshoot or offspring of the Mesopotamian civilization, what is the alternative?

    <p>civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of the early Harappan phase at Harappa (Period II) was over 25 ha in area, divided into two mounds, each with massive mud-brick platforms and fortifications. The layout of the houses and streets suggest elements of ______.

    <p>planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Craftspeople used a variety of raw materials to produce a diverse range of items. Pottery included types similar to those found at ______.

    <p>Kot Diji</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is evidence of writing (on pottery and seals), inscribed seals, and standardized ______.

    <p>weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain types of artefacts found in the early Harappan phase—including some pottery types, figurines, triangular terracotta cakes, toys, and bangles—continued into the ______ Harappan phase.

    <p>mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of Period I at Kalibangan on the banks of the Ghaggar river is early Harappan. Calibrated radiocarbon dates give a range of c. 2920–2550 BCE. The settlement of Period I was about 4 ha in size and was surrounded by massive mud-brick ______.

    <p>fortifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artefacts included stone blades, terracotta cakes, shell bangles, disc beads made of steatite, carnelian, faience, gold, and silver, and over a hundred ______ objects.

    <p>copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery was red or pink in colour with designs painted on in black, sometimes also in white. The designs included a moustache-like scroll, plants, fish, and ______.

    <p>cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi in Hissar district of Haryana, the early Harappan phase is succeeded by a ______ Harappan phase.

    <p>mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Period IA belonged to the Hakra wares phase. Period IB showed a continuation of the traits of the earlier phase, but also a large quantity of pottery of the type found at ______ I.

    <p>Kalibangan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pottery of Period I at Kalibangan showed great variety. Some of the pots were similar to ______ pottery.

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of Period I at Kalibangan was about 4 ha in size and was surrounded by massive mud-brick ______.

    <p>fortifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Period IC was transitional between the early and ______ Harappan.

    <p>mature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pre-Harappan phase represented the early, formative phase of the Harappan culture and the term 'pre-Harappan' should therefore be replaced by 'early ______'.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Balakot, Period II is early ______.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amri in Sindh lies about 2 km from the right bank of the Indus. The settlement goes back to c. 3500 BCE. Period I at Amri is early ______ and is further sub-divided into four phases—1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kot Diji lies about 160 km north-east of Amri, on the left bank of one of the old flood channels of the Indus. Here, there is an early and mature ______ level with a burnt deposit in between. Early ______ Period I was dated from c. 3300 BCE.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mughal compared the whole range of evidence (pottery, stone tools, metal artefacts, architecture, etc.) from pre-Harappan and mature Harappan levels, and explored the relationship between the two stages. The pre-Harappan phase showed large fortified settlements, a fairly high level of expertise in specialized crafts such as stone working, metal crafting, and bead making, the use of wheeled transport, and the existence of trade networks. The range of raw materials used by the pre-Harappans was more or less the same as that used in the mature Harappan phase (except for jade, which is absent in the early Harappan context). The two things lacking were large cities and increased levels of craft ______.

    <p>specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan phase is extremely important, not merely as a stepping-stone to urbanization, but in its own right as well. At Balakot (on the coastal plain of Sonmiani Bay on the Makran coast), Period II is early Harappan. The pottery was wheel-made and painted, some of it similar to the polychrome ware of Nal. There were microliths, humped bull figurines, a few copper objects, miscellaneous artefacts made of terracotta, shell, and bone, and beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and ______.

    <p>paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Remains of barley, vetch, legumes, and ber were found and bones of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, hare, deer, and ______ were identified.

    <p>pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within Period I at Amri, there was a gradual increase in the refinement and variety of pottery. Mud-brick structures, sometimes supplemented with stone, made their appearance. Artefacts included chert blades, stone balls, bone tools, and a few fragments of copper and ______.

    <p>bronze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Period IC at Amri, there were multiple cellular compartments, perhaps used for storing grain or as platforms for buildings. The pottery was dominated by wheel-made wares and showed a great variety of forms and painted designs, mostly geometric. The painting was monochrome or polychrome, using brown, black, and ______.

    <p>ochre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kot Diji lies about 160 km north-east of Amri, on the left bank of one of the old flood channels of the Indus. Here, there is an early and mature Harappan level with a burnt deposit in between. Early Harappan Period I was dated from c. 3300 ______.

    <p>BCE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Period I at Amri is early Harappan and is further sub-divided into four phases—1A, 1B, 1C, and ______.

    <p>1D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan phase is extremely important, not merely as a stepping-stone to urbanization, but in its own right as well. At Balakot (on the coastal plain of Sonmiani Bay on the Makran coast), Period II is early Harappan. The pottery was wheel-made and painted, some of it similar to the polychrome ware of Nal. There were microliths, humped bull figurines, a few copper objects, miscellaneous artefacts made of terracotta, shell, and bone, and beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and ______.

    <p>paste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At some sites, the early Harappan phase represents the first cultural stage, at others it is part of a longer cultural ______.

    <p>sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan phase at Banawali was marked by mud-brick houses with hearths and plastered storage pits in the ______

    <p>courtyards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bhirrana, a recently excavated site in Fatehabad district of Haryana, has given valuable information on the processes leading to the Harappan civilization. Period IA belongs to the Hakra wares culture, Period IB is early Harappan, Period II early mature Harappan, and Period IIB mature Harappan. The remains of Period IB included vestiges of structures made of mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:3, including a house complex consisting of six rooms, a central courtyard, and ______

    <p>chullahs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar. Buildings were made of standardized (1:2:4) ______

    <p>mud-bricks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pottery at Dholavira included perforated jars and dish-on-stand, and there was evidence of copper artefacts, stone blades, shell objects, terracotta cakes, and ______

    <p>stone beads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Relationship Between the Early and Mature Harappan Phases In spite of the undeniable evidence of cultural continuity from the early Harappan to the mature Harappan phase, the ‘outside influence’ factor still sometimes resurfaces in different forms. While acknowledging the indigenous roots of the Harappan civilization, some archaeologists still invoke Sumerian influence. Attempts have been made to connect the pottery traditions of the Harappan tradition with those of Mesopotamia and eastern Iran. Lamberg-Karlovsky (1972) suggests that the emergence of an early urban interaction sphere in c. 3000 BCE in Turkmenia, Seistan, and south Afghanistan had an important role to play in Harappan ______

    <p>urbanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excavations at sites such as Padri and Kuntasi in Saurashtra have shown the existence of a well- developed early Harappan horizon in Gujarat. The site of Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar. Buildings were made of standardized (1:2:4) mud-bricks. Pottery included perforated jars and dish-on-stand, and there was evidence of copper artefacts, stone blades, shell objects, terracotta cakes, and ______

    <p>stone beads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch was fortified with an imposing wall made of ______ rubble set in mud mortar

    <p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Relationship Between the Early and Mature Harappan Phases In spite of the undeniable evidence of cultural continuity from the early Harappan to the mature Harappan phase, the ‘outside influence’ factor still sometimes resurfaces in different forms. While acknowledging the indigenous roots of the Harappan civilization, some archaeologists still invoke Sumerian influence. Attempts have been made to connect the pottery traditions of the Harappan tradition with those of Mesopotamia and eastern Iran. Lamberg-Karlovsky (1972) suggests that the emergence of an early urban interaction sphere in c. 3000 BCE in Turkmenia, Seistan, and south Afghanistan had an important role to play in Harappan ______

    <p>urbanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of ______ rubble set in mud mortar

    <p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of ______ rubble set in mud mortar

    <p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Relationship Between the Early and Mature Harappan Phases In spite of the undeniable evidence of cultural continuity from the early Harappan to the mature Harappan phase, the ‘outside influence’ factor still sometimes resurfaces in different forms. While acknowledging the indigenous roots of the Harappan civilization, some archaeologists still invoke Sumerian influence. Attempts have been made to connect the pottery traditions of the Harappan tradition with those of Mesopotamia and eastern Iran. Lamberg-Karlovsky (1972) suggests that the emergence of an early urban interaction sphere in c. 3000 BCE in Turkmenia, Seistan, and south Afghanistan had an important role to play in Harappan ______

    <p>urbanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of ______ rubble set in mud mortar

    <p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fortified with a massive wall made of limestone rubble and mud-brick, the settlement consisted of a citadel complex and a lower residential area.House walls of stone and mud-brick were found in the upper levels.Artefacts included objects of stone, shell, and bone; terracotta figurines (including a bull figurine), bangles, and beads; and a fragment of a bronze bangle.There is a great variety of pottery in Period I, mostly wheel-made and decorated with brownish bands of paint.The distinctive pottery is a short-necked ovoid pot, painted with designs such as the ‘horned deity’, pipal leaves and ‘fish scales’.Artefacts similar to those at Kot Diji Period I have been found at other sites as well, and such levels are known as ‘______’.FIGURE 4.1 AMRI POTTERY At Mehrgarh, the excavators noted the occurrence of Kot Diji style vessels, fragments of triangular terracotta cakes, very long flint blades, and fragments of perforated jars, which suggest links with the Indus valley by the end of Period VII.However, these links are not so strong as to constitute true Harappan influence.At nearby Nausharo, there is a clear transition from the early Harappan to a transitional and then mature Harappan phase.The pottery of Period IC (the later part of the early Harappan levels) at Nausharo was similar to that of Mehrgarh Period VIIC.Jarrige (Jarrige et al., n.d.: 87) suggests that these two phases were contemporaneous and can be dated c. 2600–2550 BCE.There are a number of early Harappan sites in the Dera Jat area in the western Indus plains.At Gumla in the Gomal valley, new pottery styles, including some similar to the ______, appeared in Period II.Period III was dominated by ______ pottery forms and designs including the ‘horned deity’.Period IV at Gumla belonged to the mature Harappan phase.Period I at Rehman Dheri in the Gomal valley is early Harappan and its earliest levels are dated c. 3380–3040 BCE.The settlement was over 20 ha in size.Aerial photographs showed a planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses, surrounded by a massive wall that belonged to a later phase, contemporary with the mature Harappan.However, it is clear that there was a wall made of mud and mud-brick around the settlement in the early Harappan phase as well.The pottery designs show ______ elements and some of the pots have graffiti.Artefacts included stone blades, copper and bronze tools, and terracotta figurines.Beads of lapis lazuli and turquoise were found, indicating exchange with Afghanistan and central Asia.Plant remains comprised grains of wheat and barley.Bones of cattle, sheep, and goat were identified.FIGURE 4.2 KOT DIJIAN POTTERY FROM VARIOUS SITES Similar discoveries were made at several sites in the Bannu basin.The early Harappan settlement at Lewan may go back to the early 3rd millennium BCE.Apart from a small habitation area, excavations revealed an area measuring about 450 × 325 m, littered with various kinds of stone tools in different stages of production—microliths (mostly of chert) as well as heavy stone artefacts, including various types of querns, stone balls, long triangular stone axes, ring stones, and pointed hammer stones.Lewan was clearly a factory site where various kinds of stone tools were made.Beads and bead making material were also found in a part of this industrial area.Tarakai Qila gave evidence of wheat, barley, lentils (Lens culinaris), and field pea (Pisum arvense), and there were stone blades with the sheen typical of sickles used for harvesting grain.Bones of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, and goat were found.Period II at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan is early Harappan.There was a transition within this period from pit dwellings to mud-brick houses.The dominant pottery type was ______.Stone artefacts included microliths, celts, and chisels.

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement was over 20 ha in size.Aerial photographs showed a planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses, surrounded by a massive wall that belonged to a later phase, contemporary with the mature Harappan.However, it is clear that there was a wall made of mud and mud-brick around the settlement in the early Harappan phase as well.The pottery designs show ______ elements and some of the pots have graffiti.

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artefacts included stone blades, copper and bronze tools, and terracotta figurines.Beads of lapis lazuli and turquoise were found, indicating exchange with Afghanistan and central Asia.Plant remains comprised grains of wheat and barley.Bones of cattle, sheep, and goat were identified.FIGURE 4.2 ______ POTTERY FROM VARIOUS SITES Similar discoveries were made at several sites in the Bannu basin.

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan settlement at Lewan may go back to the early 3rd millennium BCE.Apart from a small habitation area, excavations revealed an area measuring about 450 × 325 m, littered with various kinds of stone tools in different stages of production—microliths (mostly of chert) as well as heavy stone artefacts, including various types of querns, stone balls, long triangular stone axes, ring stones, and pointed hammer stones.Lewan was clearly a factory site where various kinds of stone tools were made.Beads and bead making material were also found in a part of this industrial area.Tarakai Qila gave evidence of wheat, barley, lentils (Lens culinaris), and field pea (Pisum arvense), and there were stone blades with the sheen typical of sickles used for harvesting grain.Bones of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, and goat were found.Period II at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan is early Harappan.There was a transition within this period from pit dwellings to mud-brick houses.The dominant pottery type was ______.Stone artefacts included microliths, celts, and chisels.

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The story of its origins can, in fact, be traced to the emergence of settled farming communities in ______ in the 7th millennium BCE.

    <p>Baluchistan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Its more immediate prelude was the cultural phase that used to be known as ______, and is now usually referred to as the early Harappan phase.

    <p>pre-Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amalananda Ghosh (1965) was the first archaeologist to identify similarities between a pre-Harappan culture and the mature Harappan culture. Ghosh focused on the pre-Harappan Sothi culture of ______.

    <p>Rajasthan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    He asserted that there were similarities between Sothi pottery and the pottery of (a) Zhob, Quetta, and other Baluchi sites; (b) pre-Harappan Kalibangan, Kot Diji, and the lowest levels of Harappa and Mohenjodaro; and (c) mature Harappan levels at Kalibangan, and perhaps also at Kot Diji. In view of these similarities, he argued that the Sothi culture should be described as ______.

    <p>proto-Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusionist theories were popular among archaeologists and historians in the 19th and early 20th centuries and were invoked to explain developments as diverse as the beginnings of agriculture, the origins of cities, the distribution of megalithic monuments, and similarities in religious ideas. Diffusion is not a theory but a way of theorizing about cultural change. A diffusionist argument can broadly be described thus: The first thing to do is to figure out in which part of the world the change first occurred. This is identified as the point of origin, from where the change is presented as having diffused or spread to other areas. The process of diffusion is variously described as the result of a migration of people, some other form of contact (e.g., trade, invasion) or a more abstract cultural stimulus. Such theories often rest on a number of questionable assumptions and flawed logic: One of these assumptions is that similar discoveries / inventions / cultural changes in different parts of the world must be connected to each other. This is not necessarily so. As we have seen in the case of the origins of agriculture, at least three independent centres of early agriculture can be identified. Diffusionist theories often take up superficial resemblances between cultures and ignore the differences. They then hold up the superficial resemblances as very significant and as ‘proof’ of diffusion. These theories appear to offer an explanation, but actually do not explain anything at all. Technologies or cultural transformations do not get transported and transplanted into new areas in a simple or automatic way. There has to be a need and acceptance for them in the recipient culture, and a number of preconditions have to be in place. Mere awareness of a different way of life does not lead to people changing their ways of doing things or living their lives. For example, it was pointed out in the previous chapter that there are several hunting-gathering groups who are aware of agriculture but do not practise it themselves. Urbanization is a very complex process and the mere awareness of cities does not necessarily lead to a transformation of village cultures into urban ones. As we shall see further on, a number of things have to be in place before urbanization can happen. This criticism of diffusionist theories should not be taken to mean that cultures never influence each other. However, in all instances, while making a case for such influence, it is necessary to:

    <p>pre-Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The problems with diffusionist theories Diffusionist theories were popular among archaeologists and historians in the 19th and early 20th centuries and were invoked to explain developments as diverse as the beginnings of agriculture, the origins of cities, the distribution of megalithic monuments, and similarities in religious ideas. Diffusion is not a theory but a way of theorizing about cultural change. A diffusionist argument can broadly be described thus: The first thing to do is to figure out in which part of the world the change first occurred. This is identified as the point of origin, from where the change is presented as having diffused or spread to other areas. The process of diffusion is variously described as the result of a migration of people, some other form of contact (e.g., trade, invasion) or a more abstract cultural stimulus. Such theories often rest on a number of questionable assumptions and flawed logic: One of these assumptions is that similar discoveries / inventions / cultural changes in different parts of the world must be connected to each other. This is not necessarily so. As we have seen in the case of the origins of agriculture, at least three independent centres of early agriculture can be identified. Diffusionist theories often take up superficial resemblances between cultures and ignore the differences. They then hold up the superficial resemblances as very significant and as ‘proof’ of diffusion. These theories appear to offer an explanation, but actually do not explain anything at all. Technologies or cultural transformations do not get transported and transplanted into new areas in a simple or automatic way. There has to be a need and acceptance for them in the recipient culture, and a number of preconditions have to be in place. Mere awareness of a different way of life does not lead to people changing their ways of doing things or living their lives. For example, it was pointed out in the previous chapter that there are several hunting-gathering groups who are aware of agriculture but do not practise it themselves. Urbanization is a very complex process and the mere awareness of cities does not necessarily lead to a transformation of village cultures into urban ones. As we shall see further on, a number of things have to be in place before urbanization can happen. This criticism of diffusionist theories should not be taken to mean that cultures never influence each other. However, in all instances, while making a case for such influence, it is necessary to:

    <p>m e a n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The General Features of Mature Harappan Settlements The fact that the Harappan civilization was urban does not mean that all or even most of its settlements had an urban character.A majority were in fact villages.The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps also labour, and various kinds of goods produced in cities found their way into the villages.As a result of the brisk urban–rural interaction, the typical range of Harappan artefacts reached even small village sites.It is not easy to estimate the exact size of ancient settlements, as they are often spread over many mounds and buried under layers of alluvium.Nevertheless, it is clear that the Harappan sites varied a great deal in size and function, from large cities to small pastoral camps.The largest settlements include Moh______ (over 200 ha), Harappa (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ha).Lurewala in Cholistan, with an estimated population of about 35,000, seems to have been as large as Moh______.Other large sites (about 50 ha) are Nagoor, Tharo Waro Daro, and Lakhueenjo-Daro in Sindh, and Nondowri in Baluchistan.Recently, some very large Harappan sites have been reported in Punjab—Dhalewan (about 150 ha) in Mansa district and Gurni Kalan I (144 ha), Hasanpur II (about 100 ha), Lakhmirwala (225 ha), and Baglian Da Theh (about 100 ha) in Bhatinda district, but details are so far lacking.The second rung of Harappan settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan.Then, there are the even smaller sites of 5–10 ha, such as Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, and Rojdi.The many settlements in the 1–5 ha range include Allahdino, Kot Diji, Rupar, Balakot, Surkotada, Nageshwar, Nausharo, and Ghazi Shah.There are also settlements even smaller than these.The streets and houses of Harappan cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.Actually, even Moh

    <p>enjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fact that the ______n civilization was urban does not mean that all or even most of its settlements had an urban character.A majority were in fact villages.The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps also labour, and various kinds of goods produced in cities found their way into the villages.As a result of the brisk urban–rural interaction, the typical range of ______n artefacts reached even small village sites.It is not easy to estimate the exact size of ancient settlements, as they are often spread over many mounds and buried under layers of alluvium.Nevertheless, it is clear that the ______n sites varied a great deal in size and function, from large cities to small pastoral camps.The largest settlements include Mohenjodaro (over 200 ha), ______ (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ha).Lurewala in Cholistan, with an estimated population of about 35,000, seems to have been as large as Mohenjodaro.Other large sites (about 50 ha) are Nagoor, Tharo Waro Daro, and Lakhueenjo-Daro in Sindh, and Nondowri in Baluchistan.Recently, some very large ______n sites have been reported in Punjab—Dhalewan (about 150 ha) in Mansa district and Gurni Kalan I (144 ha), Hasanpur II (about 100 ha), Lakhmirwala (225 ha), and Baglian Da Theh (about 100 ha) in Bhatinda district, but details are so far lacking.The second rung of ______n settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan.Then, there are the even smaller sites of 5–10 ha, such as Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, and Rojdi.The many settlements in the 1–5 ha range include Allahdino, Kot Diji, Rupar, Balakot, Surkotada, Nageshwar, Nausharo, and Ghazi Shah.There are also settlements even smaller than these.The streets and houses of ______n cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.Actually, even

    <p>Harappa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The streets and houses of ______n cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.Actually, even Mohenjodaro

    <p>Harappa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest settlements include ______ (over 200 ha), Harappa (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ha).Lurewala in Cholistan, with an estimated population of about 35,000, seems to have been as large as

    <p>Mohenjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second rung of Harappan settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and

    <p>Kalibangan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Then, there are the even smaller sites of 5–10 ha, such as Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, and

    <p>Rojdi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary when making a case for cultural influence?

    <p>substantive evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the dominant pottery type in Period IV at Gumla in the Gomal valley?

    <p>black-on-red ware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated size of the early Harappan settlement at Harappa in Period II?

    <p>80 hectares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggested a sharp increase in specialized craft activities during the Kot Dijian phase?

    <p>hoards of jewelry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the material used for making terracotta marbles discovered during the early Harappan phase at Kuntasi?

    <p>ceramic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to E.J.H.Mackay, a migration of people from Sumer may have led to the Harappan civilization; other proponents of the migration theory included D.H.Gordon and S.N.Kramer. Mortimer Wheeler argued for a migration of ideas, not people—the idea of civilization was in the air of West Asia in the 3rd millennium BCE and the founders of the Harappan civilization had a model of civilization before them. The fact that city life emerged in Mesopotamia a few centuries before it appeared in the Egyptian and Harappan contexts does not mean that the latter were derived from the former in a direct or indirect way. There are in fact several striking differences between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations. The Mesopotamians had a completely different script, a much greater use of bronze, different settlement layouts, and a large-scale canal system of the kind that seems absent in the Harappan civilization. If the Harappan civilization cannot be explained as an offshoot or offspring of the Mesopotamian civilization, what is the _____________?

    <p>alternative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Kot Diji has only an early Harappan level, with no transitional or mature Harappan level. What kind of pottery did Padri and Kuntasi show the existence of during the early Harappan phase? The settlement was over 20 ha in size. Aerial photographs showed a planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses, surrounded by a massive wall that belonged to a later phase, contemporary with the mature Harappan. However, it is clear that there was a wall made of mud and mud-brick around the settlement in the early Harappan phase as well. The pottery designs show ______ elements and some of the pots have graffiti.

    <p>foreign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main types of pottery found in Period II at Gumla? Kot Diji lies about 160 km north-east of Amri, on the left bank of one of the old flood channels of the Indus. Here, there is an early and mature ______ level with a burnt deposit in between. Early ______ Period I was dated from c. 3300 BCE.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi in Hissar district of Haryana, the early Harappan phase is succeeded by a ______ Harappan phase.

    <p>transitional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ghosh focused on the pre-Harappan Sothi culture of Rajasthan. He asserted that there were similarities between Sothi pottery and the pottery of (a) Zhob, Quetta, and other Baluchi sites; (b) pre-Harappan Kalibangan, Kot Diji, and the lowest levels of Harappa and Mohenjodaro; and (c) mature Harappan levels at Kalibangan, and perhaps also at Kot Diji. In view of these similarities, he argued that the Sothi culture should be described as proto- ______.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion is not a theory but a way of theorizing about cultural change. A diffusionist argument can broadly be described thus: The first thing to do is to figure out in which part of the world the change first occurred. This is identified as the point of origin, from where the change is presented as having diffused or spread to other areas. The process of diffusion is variously described as the result of a migration of people, some other form of contact (e.g., trade, invasion) or a more abstract cultural ______.

    <p>stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These theories appear to offer an explanation, but actually do not explain anything at all. Technologies or cultural transformations do not get transported and transplanted into new areas in a simple or automatic way. There has to be a need and acceptance for them in the recipient culture, and a number of preconditions have to be in place. Mere awareness of a different way of life does not lead to people changing their ways of doing things or living their lives. Urbanization is a very complex process and the mere awareness of cities does not necessarily lead to a transformation of village cultures into urban ones. As we shall see further on, a number of things have to be in place before urbanization can ______.

    <p>happen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps also labour, and various kinds of goods produced in cities found their way into the villages. As a result of the brisk urban–rural interaction, the typical range of Harappan artefacts reached even small village sites. It is not easy to estimate the exact size of ancient settlements, as they are often spread over many mounds and buried under layers of alluvium. Nevertheless, it is clear that the Harappan sites varied a great deal in size and function, from large cities to small pastoral camps. The largest settlements include Moh______ (over 200 ha), Harappa (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ha).

    <p>enjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are also settlements even smaller than these. The streets and houses of Harappan cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west. Actually, even Moh______

    <p>enjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is not easy to estimate the exact size of ancient settlements, as they are often spread over many mounds and buried under layers of alluvium. Nevertheless, it is clear that the Harappan sites varied a great deal in size and function, from large cities to small pastoral camps. The largest settlements include Mohenjodaro (over 200 ha), Harappa (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ______).

    <p>ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lurewala in Cholistan, with an estimated population of about 35,000, seems to have been as large as Moh______.

    <p>enjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second rung of Harappan settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and ______.

    <p>Kalibangan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the ______ used to produce a diverse range of items in the early Harappan phase at Harappa?

    <p>materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    W______t was the estimated size of the early Harappan settlement at Harappa in Period II?

    <p>ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the artefacts found at Rakhigarhi in early Harappan Period I?

    <p>evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of Tarakai Qila based on the evidence found?

    <p>settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of the early Harappan phase at Harappa (Period II) was over 25 ha in area, divided into two mounds, each with massive mud-brick platforms and fortifications. The layout of the houses and streets suggest elements of ______.

    <p>planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Craftspeople used a variety of raw materials to produce a diverse range of items. Pottery included types similar to those found at ______.

    <p>Kot Diji</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is evidence of writing (on pottery and seals), inscribed seals, and standardized ______.

    <p>weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A dramatic change from a nomadic life to permanent settlement occurred during the Kot Dijian phase, with a sharp increase in specialized ______ activities.

    <p>craft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of Period I at Kalibangan on the banks of the Ghaggar river is early Harappan. Calibrated radiocarbon dates give a range of c. 2920–2550 BCE. The settlement of Period I was about 4 ha in size and was surrounded by massive mud-brick ______.

    <p>fortifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery of Period I was red or pink in color with designs painted on in black, sometimes also in white. The designs included a moustache-like scroll, plants, fish, and ______.

    <p>cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi in Hissar district of Haryana, the early Harappan phase is succeeded by a mature Harappan phase. At Kunal, Period IA belonged to the Hakra wares phase. Period IB showed a continuation of the traits of the earlier phase, but also a large quantity of pottery of the type found at ______.

    <p>Kalibangan I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artefacts included stone blades, terracotta cakes, shell bangles, disc beads made of steatite, carnelian, faience, gold, and silver, and over a hundred copper objects. The pottery of Period I showed great variety. Some of the pots were similar to ______ pottery.

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of ______ rubble set in mud mortar.

    <p>limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The designs included a moustache-like scroll, plants, fish, and ______.

    <p>cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of ______ rubble set in mud mortar.

    <p>limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi in Hissar district of Haryana, the early Harappan phase is succeeded by a mature Harappan phase. At Kunal, Period IA belonged to the Hakra wares phase. Period IB showed a continuation of the traits of the earlier phase, but also a large quantity of pottery of the type found at ______.

    <p>Kalibangan I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement at Mehrgarh was fortified with a massive wall made of limestone rubble and ______

    <p>mud-brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery was red or pink in colour with designs painted on in black, sometimes also in white. The designs included a moustache-like scroll, plants, fish, and ______

    <p>fish scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Gumla in the Gomal valley, new pottery styles, including some similar to the Kot Dijian, appeared in Period II. Period III was dominated by Kot Dijian pottery forms and designs including the ‘horned deity’. Period IV at Gumla belonged to the mature Harappan phase. Period I at Rehman Dheri in the Gomal valley is early Harappan and its earliest levels are dated c. 3380–3040 BCE. The settlement was over 20 ha in size. Aerial photographs showed a planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses, surrounded by a massive wall that belonged to a later phase, contemporary with the mature Harappan. However, it is clear that there was a wall made of ______ and mud-brick around the settlement in the early Harappan phase as well.

    <p>mud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch has early Harappan levels. The settlement was fortified with an imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar. Buildings were made of standardized (1:2:4) ______

    <p>mud-bricks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tarakai Qila gave evidence of wheat, barley, lentils (Lens culinaris), and field pea (Pisum arvense), and there were stone blades with the sheen typical of sickles used for harvesting grain. Bones of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, and goat were found. Period II at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan is early Harappan. There was a transition within this period from pit dwellings to ______ houses.

    <p>mud-brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Period I at Rehman Dheri in the Gomal valley is early Harappan and its earliest levels are dated c. 3380–3040 BCE. The settlement was over 20 ha in size. Aerial photographs showed a planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses, surrounded by a massive wall that belonged to a later phase, contemporary with the mature Harappan. However, it is clear that there was a wall made of ______ and mud-brick around the settlement in the early Harappan phase as well. The pottery designs show Kot Dijian elements and some of the pots have ______.

    <p>mud, graffiti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dominant pottery type at Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province of Pakistan during the early Harappan period was ______

    <p>Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery is a short-necked ovoid pot, painted with designs such as the ‘horned deity’, pipal leaves and ______

    <p>fish scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery was red or pink in colour with designs painted on in black, sometimes also in white. The designs included a moustache-like scroll, plants, ______, and fish scales.

    <p>fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery is a short-necked ovoid pot, painted with designs such as the ‘horned deity’, ______ leaves and ‘fish scales’

    <p>pipal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive pottery is a short-necked ovoid pot, painted with designs such as the ‘horned deity’, ______ leaves and ‘fish scales’.

    <p>pipal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a great variety of pottery in Period I, mostly wheel-made and decorated with brownish bands of paint. The distinctive pottery is a short-necked ovoid pot, painted with designs such as the ‘horned deity’, ______ leaves and ‘fish scales’.

    <p>pipal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan houses were made of standardized mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:3 and 1:2:4, indicating the use of ____________ as a construction material.

    <p>mud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Banawali, the early Harappan phase was marked by mud-brick houses with hearths and plastered storage pits in the ____________.

    <p>courtyards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early Harappan levels at Siswal and Balu in Haryana and Rohira and Mahorana in Punjab were identified along the ____________.

    <p>Ghaggar-Hakra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rakhigarhi gives evidence of a planned settlement and mud-brick structures in early Harappan Period I, with a range of pottery types similar to that of ____________.

    <p>Kalibangan I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artefacts found at Rakhigarhi included uninscribed seals, pottery with graffiti, terracotta wheels, carts, rattles, and bull figurines, indicating a diverse range of ____________.

    <p>artefacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bhirrana, a recently excavated site in Fatehabad district of Haryana, has given valuable information on the processes leading to the Harappan civilization, with Period IA belonging to the ____________ culture.

    <p>Hakra wares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The remains of Period IB at Bhirrana included vestiges of structures made of mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:3, including a house complex consisting of six rooms, a central courtyard, and ____________.

    <p>chullahs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excavations at sites such as Padri and Kuntasi in Saurashtra have shown the existence of a well-developed early Harappan horizon in Gujarat, with buildings made of standardized (1:2:4) ____________.

    <p>mud-bricks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement of Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch was fortified with an imposing wall made of ____________ rubble set in mud mortar.

    <p>stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Relationship Between the Early and Mature Harappan Phases was marked by the undeniable evidence of cultural continuity, but some archaeologists still invoke ____________ influence.

    <p>Sumerian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lamberg-Karlovsky (1972) suggests that the emergence of an early urban interaction sphere in c. 3000 BCE in Turkmenia, Seistan, and south Afghanistan had an important role to play in Harappan ____________.

    <p>urbanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attempts have been made to connect the pottery traditions of the Harappan tradition with those of ____________ and eastern Iran.

    <p>Mesopotamia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Shereen Ratnagar (1981), Indus–Mesopotamian trade played an important role in the rise and decline of the Harappan ______. Such theories are difficult to accept in the absence of substantive evidence. Apart from the fact that some features of the mature Harappan culture were already in place in the early Harappan phase, what is also visible is a gradual transition from a variety of regional traditions towards a level of cultural uniformity cutting across regions, a process that the Allchins call ‘cultural convergence’. Some inferences can also be made about the social and political processes that were underway. Specialized crafts imply specialized craftspersons, trade implies traders, and planned settlements imply planners, executors, and labourers. Seals have been found at Kunal and Nausharo and may have been connected with traders or elite groups. The discovery of hoards of jewellery at Kunal, including a silver piece that has been interpreted as a tiara, suggests a fairly high level of concentration of wealth and may also have political implications. The discovery of symbols similar to Harappan writing at early Harappan levels at Padri in Gujarat, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Dholavira in Kutch, and Harappa in west Punjab shows that the roots of the Harappan script go back to this phase. Another notable feature is the appearance of the ‘horned deity’ at a number of places. He is painted on a jar found at Kot Diji and on several jars found at early Harappan Rehman Dheri, in contexts dated c. 2800-2600 BCE. At Kalibangan Period I, his figure was incised on one side of a terracotta cake, on the other side of which was a figure with a tied animal. All this suggests that the process of ‘cultural convergence’ was also operating in the religious and symbolic spheres. But how did this convergence come about? What led to the transition from the proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life? Was it the result of increased inter-regional contact, or long-distance trade? Trade with Mesopotamia has been suggested as a factor, but the importance of this trade has been exaggerated even in the context of the mature Harappan phase. According to Chakrabarti (1995b: 49–52), the catalyst for the transition may have been an increasing level of craft specialization, instigated especially by the development of copper metallurgy in Rajasthan. He suggests that another crucial factor for the spread of settlements in the active floodplain of the Indus may have been agricultural growth based on an organized irrigation system, but direct evidence of this is lacking. The answer may lie in the emergence of a new, decisive political leadership, significant changes in social organization, or perhaps a new ideology. Unfortunately, such changes are difficult to deduce from the archaeological data. FIGURE 4.4 HORNED DEITY ON TERRACOTTA CAKE AND POT, KALIBANGAN, PERIOD I There are several other gaps in our understanding of the relationship between the early and mature Harappan phases. The information about the earliest levels at sites such as Mohenjodaro and Harappa is inadequate. There are several mature Harappan sites where there is no early Harappan level, e.g., Lothal, Desalpur, Chanhudaro, Mitathal, Alamgirpur, and Ropar. There are several early Harappan sites in the Potwar plateau which do not have mature Harappan levels. In Cholistan, only three of the many early Harappan sites—Chak 76, Gamanwali, and Sandhanawala Ther—continued to be occupied in the mature Harappan phase. Further, there are no early Harappan sites in the active Indus plain. And at sites where there are both early Harappan and mature Harappan levels, the transition from one to the other is not always smooth. At Kot Diji and Gumla, a burnt deposit between the two suggests a major fire. Evidence of burning was also found at Amri and Nausharo. At Kalibangan, the break in occupation may have been due to an earthquake.

    <p>civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Relationship Between the Early and Mature Harappan Phases In spite of the undeniable evidence of cultural continuity from the early Harappan to the mature Harappan phase, the ‘outside influence’ factor still sometimes resurfaces in different forms. While acknowledging the indigenous roots of the Harappan civilization, some archaeologists still invoke Sumerian influence. Attempts have been made to connect the pottery traditions of the Harappan tradition with those of Mesopotamia and eastern Iran. Lamberg-Karlovsky (1972) suggests that the emergence of an early urban interaction sphere in c. 3000 BCE in Turkmenia, Seistan, and south Afghanistan had an important role to play in Harappan ______

    <p>urbanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for cultural influence to be considered according to the text?

    <p>evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Harappan ______ cannot be explained as an offshoot or offspring of the Mesopotamian civilization, what is the alternative?

    <p>civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Period IC at Amri, there were multiple cellular compartments, perhaps used for storing grain or as platforms for buildings. The pottery was dominated by wheel-made wares and showed a great variety of forms and painted designs, mostly geometric. The painting was monochrome or polychrome, using brown, black, and ______.

    <p>red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Period IA belonged to the Kot Dijian ______

    <p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Amalananda Ghosh focus on in his identification of similarities between the pre-Harappan and mature Harappan ______?

    <p>culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which settlement was estimated to have a population as large as Mohenjodaro?

    <p>Harappa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Craftspeople used a variety of raw materials to produce a diverse range of items. Pottery included types similar to those found at ______.

    <p>Mesopotamia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated size of the early Harappan settlement at Harappa in Period II?

    <p>population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may have led to the transition from proto-urban early Harappan phase to full-fledged city life according to Chakrabarti?

    <p>specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinctive ______ in Period I at Kalibangan was blue or green in color with designs painted on in red and yellow

    <p>pottery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mughal compared the whole range of evidence from pre-______ and mature ______ levels, and explored the relationship between the two stages. The pre-______ phase showed large fortified settlements, a fairly high level of expertise in specialized crafts such as stone working, metal crafting, and bead making, the use of wheeled transport, and the existence of trade networks. The range of raw materials used by the pre-s was more or less the same as that used in the mature ______ phase (except for jade, which is absent in the early ______ context). The two things lacking were large cities and increased levels of craft specialization. Mughal argued that the ‘pre-’ phase actually represented the early, formative phase of the ______ culture and that the term ‘pre-______’ should therefore be replaced by ‘early ______’.Early ______ levels have been identified at a large number of sites, a few of which are discussed below. At some sites, the early ______ phase represents the first cultural stage, at others it is part of a longer cultural sequence. The dates vary from site to site, but the general range is c. 3200–2600 BCE. The early ______ phase is extremely important, not merely as a stepping-stone to urbanization, but in its own right as well. At Balakot (on the coastal plain of Sonmiani Bay on the Makran coast), Period II is early ______. The pottery was wheel-made and painted, some of it similar to the polychrome ware of Nal. There were microliths, humped bull figurines, a few copper objects, miscellaneous artefacts made of terracotta, shell, and bone, and beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell, and paste. Remains of barley, vetch, legumes, and ber were found and bones of cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, hare, deer, and pig were identified. Mention was made in Chapter 3 of the site of Nal in the Khozdar area of Baluchistan. Nal- and Amri-related sites represent the early ______ phase in the southern part of the Indus valley and Baluchistan.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The settlement goes back to c. 3500 BCE. Period I at Amri is early ______ and is further sub-divided into four phases—1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D. Period II represents a transitional phase and Period III is mature ______. Within Period I, there was a gradual increase in the refinement and variety of pottery. Mud-brick structures, sometimes supplemented with stone, made their appearance. Artefacts included chert blades, stone balls, bone tools, and a few fragments of copper and bronze. In Period IC, there were multiple cellular compartments, perhaps used for storing grain or as platforms for buildings. The pottery was dominated by wheel-made wares and showed a great variety of forms and painted designs, mostly geometric. The painting was monochrome or polychrome, using brown, black, and ochre. Kot Diji lies about 160 km north-east of Amri, on the left bank of one of the old flood channels of the Indus. Here, there is an early and mature ______ level with a burnt deposit in between. Early ______ Period I was dated from c. 3300 BCE.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest settlements include Moh______ (over 200 ha), Harappa (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ha). Lurewala in Cholistan, with an estimated population of about 35,000, seems to have been as large as Moh______. Other large sites (about 50 ha) are Nagoor, Tharo Waro Daro, and Lakhueenjo-Daro in Sindh, and Nondowri in Baluchistan. Recently, some very large Harappan sites have been reported in Punjab—Dhalewan (about 150 ha) in Mansa district and Gurni Kalan I (144 ha), Hasanpur II (about 100 ha), Lakhmirwala (225 ha), and Baglian Da Theh (about 100 ha) in Bhatinda district, but details are so far lacking. The second rung of Harappan settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan.

    <p>Enlisted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At Kunal, Period IA belonged to the Hakra wares phase. Period IB showed a continuation of the traits of the earlier phase, but also a large quantity of pottery of the type found at ______ I.

    <p>Harappa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The streets and houses of Harappan cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west. Actually, even Moh______

    <p>enjoys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artefacts included chert blades, stone balls, bone tools, and a few fragments of copper and ______.

    <p>bronze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stone artefacts included microliths, celts, and chisels. The dominant pottery type was ______.

    <p>unspecified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pottery was dominated by wheel-made wares and showed a great variety of forms and painted designs, mostly geometric. The painting was monochrome or polychrome, using brown, black, and ______.

    <p>ochre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pre-Harappan phase showed large fortified settlements, a fairly high level of expertise in specialized crafts such as stone working, metal crafting, and bead making, the use of wheeled transport, and the existence of trade networks. The range of raw materials used by the pre-Harappans was more or less the same as that used in the mature Harappan phase (except for jade, which is absent in the early Harappan context). The two things lacking were large cities and increased levels of craft specialization. Mughal argued that the ‘pre-Harappan’ phase actually represented the early, formative phase of the ______ culture and that the term ‘pre-Harappan’ should therefore be replaced by ‘early Harappan’.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The General Features of Mature ______ Settlements The fact that the ______ civilization was urban does not mean that all or even most of its settlements had an urban character. A majority were in fact villages. The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps also labour, and various kinds of goods produced in cities found their way into the villages. As a result of the brisk urban–rural interaction, the typical range of ______ artefacts reached even small village sites. It is not easy to estimate the exact size of ancient settlements, as they are often spread over many mounds and buried under layers of alluvium. Nevertheless, it is clear that the ______ sites varied a great deal in size and function, from large cities to small pastoral camps.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recently, some very large Harappan sites have been reported in Punjab—Dhalewan (about 150 ha) in Mansa district and Gurni Kalan I (144 ha), Hasanpur II (about 100 ha), Lakhmirwala (225 ha), and Baglian Da Theh (about 100 ha) in Bhatinda district, but details are so far lacking. The second rung of Harappan settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and ______.

    <p>Kalibangan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two things lacking were large cities and increased levels of craft specialization. Mughal argued that the ‘pre-Harappan’ phase actually represented the early, formative phase of the ______ culture and that the term ‘pre-Harappan’ should therefore be replaced by ‘early Harappan’.

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The General Features of Mature ______ Settlements The fact that the ______ civilization was urban does not mean that all or even most of its settlements had an urban character.A majority were in fact villages.The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps also labour, and various kinds of goods produced in cities found their way into the villages.As a result of the brisk urban–rural interaction, the typical range of ______ artefacts reached even small village sites.It is not easy to estimate the exact size of ancient settlements, as they are often spread over many mounds and buried under layers of alluvium.Nevertheless, it is clear that the ______ sites varied a great deal in size and function, from large cities to small pastoral camps.The largest settlements include Mohenjodaro (over 200 ha), Harappa (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ha).Lurewala in Cholistan, with an estimated population of about 35,000, seems to have been as large as Mohenjodaro.Other large sites (about 50 ha) are Nagoor, Tharo Waro Daro, and Lakhueenjo-Daro in Sindh, and Nondowri in Baluchistan.Recently, some very large ______ sites have been reported in Punjab—Dhalewan (about 150 ha) in Mansa district and Gurni Kalan I (144 ha), Hasanpur II (about 100 ha), Lakhmirwala (225 ha), and Baglian Da Theh (about 100 ha) in Bhatinda district, but details are so far lacking.The second rung of ______ settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan.Then, there are the even smaller sites of 5–10 ha, such as Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, and Rojdi.The many settlements in the 1–5 ha range include Allahdino, Kot Diji, Rupar, Balakot, Surkotada, Nageshwar, Nausharo, and Ghazi Shah.There are also settlements even smaller than these.The streets and houses of ______ cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.Actually, even Moh

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The General Features of Mature ______ Settlements The fact that the ______ civilization was urban does not mean that all or even most of its settlements had an urban character.A majority were in fact villages.The cities depended on villages for food and perhaps also labour, and various kinds of goods produced in cities found their way into the villages.As a result of the brisk urban–rural interaction, the typical range of ______ artefacts reached even small village sites.It is not easy to estimate the exact size of ancient settlements, as they are often spread over many mounds and buried under layers of alluvium.Nevertheless, it is clear that the ______ sites varied a great deal in size and function, from large cities to small pastoral camps.The largest settlements include Mohenjodaro (over 200 ha), ______ (over 150 ha), Ganweriwala (over 81.5 ha), Rakhigarhi (over 80 ha), and Dholavira (about 100 ha).

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lurewala in Cholistan, with an estimated population of about 35,000, seems to have been as large as ______.Other large sites (about 50 ha) are Nagoor, Tharo Waro Daro, and Lakhueenjo-Daro in Sindh, and Nondowri in Baluchistan.Recently, some very large ______ sites have been reported in Punjab—Dhalewan (about 150 ha) in Mansa district and Gurni Kalan I (144 ha), Hasanpur II (about 100 ha), Lakhmirwala (225 ha), and Baglian Da Theh (about 100 ha) in Bhatinda district, but details are so far lacking.

    <p>Mohenjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The second rung of ______ settlements are moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha, such as Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan.Then, there are the even smaller sites of 5–10 ha, such as Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, and Rojdi.The many settlements in the 1–5 ha range include Allahdino, Kot Diji, Rupar, Balakot, Surkotada, Nageshwar, Nausharo, and Ghazi Shah.There are also settlements even smaller than these.The streets and houses of ______ cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.Actually, even Moh

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The streets and houses of ______ cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.Actually, even Moh

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The many settlements in the 1–5 ha range include Allahdino, Kot Diji, Rupar, Balakot, Surkotada, Nageshwar, Nausharo, and Ghazi Shah.There are also settlements even smaller than these.The streets and houses of ______ cities were once thought to be laid on a grid-pattern oriented north–south and east–west.Actually, even Moh

    <p>Harappan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proponents of theories about the origin of the Harappan civilization with their proposed explanation:

    <p>E.J.H. Mackay = Migration of people from Sumer D.H. Gordon and S.N. Kramer = Migration of people from Sumer Mortimer Wheeler = Migration of ideas, not people John Marshall = Long antecedent history on the soil of India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following differences between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations with their respective civilization:

    <p>Completely different script = Mesopotamian civilization Much greater use of bronze = Mesopotamian civilization Large-scale canal system = Mesopotamian civilization Different settlement layouts = Mesopotamian civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials found during the early Harappan phase with their respective sites:

    <p>Beads of lapis lazuli, stone, shell = Balakot Terracotta, shell, bone = Balakot Microliths, humped bull figurines = Balakot Barley, vetch, legumes, ber = Kalibangan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sites with their characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Padri and Kuntasi in Saurashtra = Existence of a well-developed early Harappan horizon in Gujarat Dholavira in the Rann of Kutch = Fortified with an imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar Kunal = Period IA belonged to the Hakra wares phase Mehrgarh = Fortified with a massive wall made of limestone rubble and mud-brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following artifacts with the early Harappan phase findings:

    <p>Pottery with painted designs = Early Harappan sites Beads of lapis lazuli and stone = Balakot site Microliths and humped bull figurines = Amri site Copper objects and miscellaneous artifacts made of terracotta, shell, and bone = Dholavira site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with the identified phases at specific sites:

    <p>Early Harappan phase at Balakot = Wheel-made and painted pottery Transitional phase at Amri = Gradual increase in the refinement and variety of pottery Mature Harappan level at Kot Diji = Mud-brick structures supplemented with stone Early Harappan Period I at Rehman Dheri = Planned rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following settlements with their identified characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Dholavira = Fortified with an imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar Amri = Multiple cellular compartments, wheel-made pottery dominated by a great variety of forms and painted designs Kot Diji = Gradual increase in the refinement and variety of pottery, appearance of mud-brick structures Balakot = Pottery similar to the polychrome ware of Nal, presence of microliths and humped bull figurines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pottery features with their respective phases:

    <p>Red or pink pottery with moustache-like scroll, plants, fish designs = Period I at Amri during the early Harappan phase Pottery with graffiti elements = Settlement at Mehrgarh during the early Harappan phase Kot Dijian pottery forms and designs including the ‘horned deity’ = Period IV at Gumla in the mature Harappan phase Pottery designs showing geometric elements and some pots have graffiti = Settlement over 20 ha in size with a massive wall in later phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pottery designs with the early Harappan sites where they were found:

    <p>Horned deity, fish scales = Rakhigarhi Moustache-like scroll, plants = Mehrgarh Polychrome elements, graffiti = Padri and Kuntasi Wheel-made and painted = Balakot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials with the items discovered during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Silver tiaras, gold ornaments = Jewellery Lapis lazuli, agate = Beads made of semiprecious stones Copper arrowheads, rings, bangles = Copper objects Stone blades, bone point, muller = Artefacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following site features with the early Harappan sites:

    <p>Fortified with imposing wall made of stone rubble set in mud mortar = Dholavira Planned settlement with mud-brick structures = Rakhigarhi Rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses = Lurewala Aerial photographs showed a planned settlement surrounded by a massive wall = Kot Diji</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Harappan phases with the materials found in them:

    <p>Period IA - Hakra wares culture = Terracotta marbles Period IB - early Harappan = Bull figurine Period II - early mature Harappan = Microliths Period IIB - mature Harappan = Lapis lazuli beads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pottery with their distinctive designs:

    <p>Short-necked ovoid pot painted with moustache-like scroll and fish designs = Amri Red or pink pottery with black and white painted designs including plants and fish = Sarai Khola Perforated jars and dish-on-stand = Dholavira Pottery similar to polychrome ware of Nal = Balakot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following settlements with their significant artefacts:

    <p>Uninscribed seals, pottery with graffiti, terracotta wheels, carts, rattles, bull figurines = Rakhigarhi Stone blades, copper objects, beads of gold and semi-precious stones, chert blades = Banawali Stone balls, bone tools, fragments of copper = Gumla Pottery known from Kalibangan, bi-chrome wares, light incised wares, tan/chocolate wares = Bhirrana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Harappan settlement with its estimated size:

    <p>Mohenjodaro = over 200 ha Harappa = over 150 ha Ganweriwala = over 81.5 ha Rakhigarhi = over 80 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Harappan settlement with its pottery type:

    <p>Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan = Hakra wares phase Amri and Lothal = microliths, humped bull figurines, copper objects, terracotta, shell, and bone Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi = pottery similar to mature Harappan phase Gumla in the Gomal valley = dominant pottery type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the material with the items found at different stages of production at Lewan:

    <p>Stone = microliths, celts, and chisels Terracotta = cakes Shell = bangles Gold and silver = objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the settlement size range with the examples of smaller Harappan settlements:

    <p>5-10 ha range = Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, Rojdi 1-5 ha range = Allahdino, Kot Diji, Rupar, Balakot 0-1 ha range = Surkotada, Nageshwar, Nausharo, Ghazi Shah Over 200 ha range = Mohenjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the settlement with its immediate prelude:

    <p>Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi = Hakra wares phase Dhalewan in Mansa district = details are lacking Nondowri in Baluchistan = Balakot (on the coastal plain of Sonmiani Bay on the Makran coast) Lurewala in Cholistan = as large as Mohenjodaro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the settlement with its transitional phase:

    <p>Sarai Khola in the northern part of Punjab province = Period II Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi in Hissar district of Haryana = Period IB Amri = Period III Kuntasi in Saurashtra = Period IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following archaeological phases with their respective time periods:

    <p>Early Harappan phase = c. 3380–3040 BCE Mature Harappan phase = c. 2600–1900 BCE Period IC at Nausharo = earlier than Mehrgarh Period VIIC Tarakai Qila evidence = wheat, barley, lentils, and field pea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pottery designs with their descriptions:

    <p>Moustache-like scroll, plants, fish = Distinctive pottery of Period I Horned deity, leaves, fish scales = Short-necked ovoid pot Plants, fish, horned deity = Red or pink pottery with black and white designs Horned deity, tied animal = 'Horned deity' on terracotta cake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the archaeological findings with their corresponding settlements:

    <p>Seals found at Kunal and Nausharo = Traders or elite groups Hoards of jewelry at Kunal = High concentration of wealth Symbols similar to Harappan writing at early Harappan levels = Padri in Gujarat, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Dholavira in Kutch, Harappa in west Punjab 'Horned deity' appearance = Kot Diji, Rehman Dheri, Kalibangan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their proposed roles in the transition to full-fledged city life:

    <p>Increased inter-regional contact = Transition catalyst Long-distance trade = Exaggerated importance in mature Harappan phase Craft specialization and copper metallurgy = Instigated transition Agricultural growth and organized irrigation system = Spread of settlements in active floodplain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following criticisms of diffusionist theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Assumption of connectedness between cultures = Questionable assumption of theories Ignoring differences and holding up superficial resemblances as proof of diffusion = Flawed logic of diffusionist theories Technologies or cultural transformations do not get transported in a simple or automatic way = Flaw in transportation and transplantation assumption Mere awareness does not lead to transformation of cultures = Flaw in awareness and transformation assumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following settlements with their estimated areas/populations:

    <p>Mohenjodaro = Over 200 ha Lurewala in Cholistan = Estimated population of about 35,000 Ganweriwala = Over 81.5 ha Dholavira = About 100 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials with their uses during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Terracotta and mud-brick = 'Horned deity' jars and settlement wall Copper and bronze tools = Specialized craft activities during Kot Dijian phase Lapis lazuli and turquoise beads = Exchange with Afghanistan and central Asia Wheat and barley grains = Plant remains at various sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases/sites with their notable features:

    <p>Kot Diji and Gumla transition from early Harappan to mature Harappan phase = Major fire between the two phases Amri and Nausharo evidence = Evidence of burning at these sites Kalibangan Period I figure incisions on terracotta cake and jar paintings = 'Horned deity' appearances Rehman Dheri settlement features during early Harappan phase = Planned, rectangular settlement with grid of streets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following criticisms of diffusionist theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Assumption of connectedness between cultures = $ ext{Questionable assumption that similar discoveries/inventions/cultural changes must be connected}$ Ignoring differences and holding up superficial resemblances as proof of diffusion = $ ext{Flawed logic that holds up superficial resemblances as very significant} ext{and as 'proof' of diffusion}$ Technologies or cultural transformations do not get transported in a simple or automatic way = $ ext{Flaw in the assumption that technologies or cultural transformations get transported simply or automatically}$ Mere awareness does not lead to transformation of cultures = $ ext{Flaw in the assumption that mere awareness leads to transformation of cultures}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the early Harappan phase findings from different sites with their implications:

    <p>Remains from Fatehabad district Period IB = Structures made of mud-bricks in the ratio of 1:2:4. Remains from Rehman Dheri = Pottery designs show Kot Dijian elements. Remains from Balakot = Evidence of cattle remains. Remains from Kalibangan = Red or pink pottery with black and white designs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following raw materials with the items produced during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Terracotta = Terracotta figurines and bangles Steatite paste = Beads Lapis lazuli = Beads Copper = Artefacts such as bangles, pins, rings, and rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following settlements with their characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Harappa (Period II) = Massive mud-brick platforms and fortifications Kalibangan (Period I) = Houses made of mud and mud-brick, with a standardized brick size Kunal (Period IA) = Belonged to the Hakra wares phase Mehrgarh = Stone artefacts including microliths, celts, and chisels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pottery types with their descriptions during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Red or pink pottery with painted designs = Similar to Kot Dijian pottery Wheel-made wares with painted designs = Geometric designs in monochrome or polychrome Pottery with Kot Dijian elements = Some pots had Kot Dijian elements Pottery with diverse painted designs = Painted designs in black, sometimes also in white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following items with their discoveries or evidence during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Ploughed field surface = Found to the south of Kalibangan (Period I) Writing on pottery and seals = Evidence of writing on pottery and seals Standardized weights = Standardized weights found at settlements Symbols similar to Harappan writing = Found at various early Harappan sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regions/settlements with their significant findings or characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Cholistan region = Dramatic change from nomadic life to permanent settlement Amri = Monochrome painting on pottery in Period I Gumla in Gomal valley = New pottery styles in Period II different from Kot Dijian style Rehman Dheri in Gomal valley = Settlement over 20 ha in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials with their use or presence during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Mud-brick walls and hearths = Remains of mud-brick walls and hearths found at settlements Copper objects = Over a hundred copper objects found Stone blades and chert blades = Artefacts included stone blades and chert blades Shell objects and disc beads made of steatite, carnelian, faience, gold, and silver = Presence of shell objects and disc beads made from various materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scholars with their theories or findings related to the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Shereen Ratnagar (1981) = &quot;Indus–Mesopotamian trade did not play an important role in the rise and decline of the Harappan civilization&quot; Lamberg-Karlovsky (1972) = &quot;Emergence of an early urban interaction sphere had an important role to play in Harappan ______&quot; M.R. Mughal (1997) = &quot;Advocated for 'cultural convergence' and argued against using 'pre-Harappan'&quot; Amalananda Ghosh (1965) = &quot;Identified similarities between a pre-Harappan culture and mature Harappan culture&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cities/settlements with their characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Mohenjo-daro = &quot;No evidence of early Harappan level at this mature Harappan site&quot; Dholavira = &quot;Fortified settlement with imposing wall made of ______ rubble set in mud mortar&quot; Bhirrana = &quot;Valuable information on processes leading to the Harappan civilization&quot; Nausharo and Mehrgarh = &quot;Similarities suggested about their early Harappan phases&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following items with their presence or evidence during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Horned deity figure = &quot;Painted on a jar found at Kot Diji and on several jars found at early Harappan Rehman Dheri&quot; Seals = &quot;Found at Kunal and Nausharo, connected with traders or elite groups&quot; Jewellery hoards including a silver piece interpreted as a tiara = &quot;Suggests a high level of wealth concentration at Kunal&quot; Early evidence of symbols similar to Harappan writing = &quot;Found at Padri, Kalibangan, Dholavira, and Harappa in west Punjab&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials or artefacts with their characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Pottery types similar to those found at Kot Diji = &quot;Some pottery types similar to Kot Dijian pottery found&quot; Painted pottery designs = &quot;Pottery included types similar to those found at Kot Diji&quot; Terracotta cakes = &quot;Found at several early Harappan sites including Rehman Dheri and Kalibangan&quot; Graffiti similar to script of mature Harappan phase = &quot;Some graffiti on pottery is similar to script of mature Harappan phase&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials or artefacts with their discoveries or evidence during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Burnt deposit between two phases = &quot;Burnt deposit between two phases suggests a major fire at certain sites like Kot Diji, Gumla, Amri, Nausharo&quot; Plough marks = &quot;Plough marks found to south of Kalibangan site suggest ancient ploughing activity&quot; Standardized brick size = &quot;Houses were built around courtyards using standardized brick size 3:2:1&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following raw materials with the artefacts made from them during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Stone = Stone blades, copper and bronze tools Shell = Terracotta figurines Bone = Terracotta figurines Bronze = Fragment of a bronze bangle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following settlements with their identified characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Mehrgarh = Kot Diji style vessels, fragments of triangular terracotta cakes Gumla = Pottery designs show Kot Dijian elements, graffiti on pots Lewan = Stone tools in different stages of production, beads and bead making material found Sarai Khola = Transition from pit dwellings to mud-brick houses, dominant pottery type was Kot Dijian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pottery features with their respective phases:

    <p>Short-necked ovoid pot, painted with designs such as the ‘horned deity’ = Period I Wheel-made pottery decorated with brownish bands of paint = Period II Pottery designs such as the ‘horned deity’, pipal leaves, and ‘fish scales’ = Period III Dominant pottery type was Kot Dijian = Period IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following differences between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations with their respective civilization:

    <p>Distinctive pottery is short-necked ovoid pot, painted with designs such as the ‘horned deity’ = Harappan civilization Domesticated animals identified as cattle, sheep, and goat = Harappan civilization Agricultural evidence of wheat, barley, lentils, and field pea = Harappan civilization Distinctive pottery is long-necked jars and cylinder seals = Mesopotamian civilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following archaeological sites with their estimated size during the Harappan civilization:

    <p>Mohenjo-daro = Over 200 ha Harappa = Over 150 ha Ganweriwala = Over 81.5 ha Rakhigarhi = Over 80 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following archaeological sites with their distinctive features during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Lewan = Estimated population of about 35,000 Mehrgarh = Strong Harappan influence by the end of Period VII Balakot = Pottery not wheel-made and painted Dholavira = Fortified with an imposing wall made of rubble set in mud mortar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following settlements with their characteristics during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Amri = Planned, rectangular settlement with a regular grid of streets and houses Kalibangan = Pottery with monochrome painting Rehman Dheri = Wheel-made pottery with distinctive designs Dholavira = Remains of barley, vetch, legumes, and ber were found</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following items with their associated materials found during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Terracotta wheels, carts, rattles, and bull figurines = Terracotta Pottery at Balakot = Not wheel-made and painted Walls of Dholavira settlement = Rubble set in mud mortar Remains at Dholavira = Barley, vetch, legumes, and ber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories or concepts with their associated criticisms based on diffusionist theories:

    <p>Similar discoveries in different parts of the world must be connected to each other = Questionable assumption associated with diffusionist theories Diffusionist theories overlook cultural differences and focus on superficial resemblances = Flawed logic associated with diffusionist theories Diffusion does not automatically lead to cultural transformation in recipient cultures = 'Proof' of diffusion according to diffusionist theories Cultural influence requires need and acceptance in recipient culture and preconditions to be in place = Necessary condition for cultural influence according to text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Harappan settlements with their sizes and functions:

    <p>Large cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa = Depended on villages for food and labour Moderate-sized sites like Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan = Range between 10 and 50 ha Even smaller sites like Amri, Lothal, Chanhudaro, and Rojdi = Size range of 5–10 ha Villages like Allahdino, Kot Diji, Rupar, Balakot, Surkotada, Nageshwar, Nausharo, and Ghazi Shah = Settlements smaller than 5 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following settlements with their characteristics during the mature Harappan phase:

    <p>Mohenjo-daro and Harappa = Not necessarily urban in character despite being large cities Small pastoral camps like Nondowri in Baluchistan and Lakhueenjo-Daro in Sindh = 'Brisk urban–rural interaction' led to typical range of Harappan artefacts reaching these settlements Settlements over 50 ha like Dhalewan in Mansa district and Gurni Kalan I in Bhatinda district = 'Details are so far lacking' for these settlements Settlements over 100 ha like Gurni Kalan I in Bhatinda district and Baglian Da Theh in Bhatinda district = 'Details are so far lacking' for these settlements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following items with their possible associated artefacts found at Rakhigarhi during the Harappan civilization:

    <p>Uninscribed seals and pottery with graffiti = Associated artefacts found at Rakhigarhi Terracotta wheels, carts, rattles, and bull figurines = 'Diverse range of' artefacts found at Rakhigarhi Writing on pottery and inscribed seals = 'Evidence of' artefacts found at Rakhigarhi Standardized weights used for trade = 'Evidence of' artefacts found at Rakhigarhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sites with their archaeological findings during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Siswal and Balu in Haryana and Rohira and Mahorana in Punjab = 'Early Harappan levels' identified along these sites Kunal, Banawali, and Rakhigarhi = 'Terracotta marbles' discovered during the early Harappan phase at these sites Tarakai Qila = 'Evidence of wheat, barley, lentils, and field pea' during the early Harappan phase at this site Kalibangan = 'Pottery type' found during Period I at this site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pottery characteristics with their associated archaeological sites during the early Harappan phase:

    <p>Pottery type similar to those found at Mehrgarh = 'Raw materials used by craftspeople' to produce a diverse range of items at this site Monochrome painting on pottery from Period IV at Gumla in the Gomal valley = 'Distinctive feature' of pottery from Period I at this site Distinctive designs including a moustache-like scroll on pottery from Period I at Mehrgarh = 'Distinctive design' painted on pottery from Period I at this site Pottery type similar to those found at Lewan in Cholistan = 'Raw materials used by craftspeople' to produce a diverse range of items at this site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following archaeological sites with their characteristic features during the mature Harappan phase:

    <p>Lurewala in Cholistan = 'Occupancy pattern' suggesting transition from early to mature Harappan phase Nagoor, Tharo Waro Daro, Lakhueenjo-Daro in Sindh = Sites about 50 ha Judeirjodaro and Kalibangan = Moderate-sized sites ranging between 10 and 50 ha Allahdino, Kot Diji,Rupar,Balakot,Surkotada,Nageshwar ,Nausharo,Ghazi = Settlements smaller than 5 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

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