HAR 619 Epidemiology Mock Paper: Study Designs

They provide a broad overview of the population and can identify potential associations.

They may suffer from the ecological fallacy, where associations observed at the group level may not hold true for individuals.

Cohort studies follow individuals over time, allowing for the observation of various outcomes resulting from the same exposure.

<p>Cohort studies are useful for investigating the long-term effects of smoking on various health outcomes, such as lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistency of findings across different studies and strength of association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selection bias and recall bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disease present: 100, Disease absent: 500, Total: 600, Test positive: 200, Test negative: 400, Total: 600</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Screening tests help in detecting diseases early, before they become symptomatic, thereby enabling early intervention and prevention. This is important for improving population health outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Length-time bias' refers to the tendency of screening tests to detect slow-growing or less aggressive forms of the disease, leading to an overestimation of the benefits of early detection. It is important in screening because it can result in overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Primary prevention' involves interventions aimed at preventing the occurrence of disease by minimizing exposure to risk factors and promoting healthy behaviors and environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'population approach' involves implementing interventions at the community or population level to promote health and prevent disease. One advantage is that it can lead to widespread impact, but a disadvantage is that it may not address individual-level variations in risk factors and needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual - Primary prevention: Regular exercise; Secondary prevention: Cardiac rehabilitation. Population - Primary prevention: Public health campaigns promoting healthy diet; Secondary prevention: Community-based blood pressure screening programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular: 0.24, Irregular: 0.33, None: 2.04</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative Risk: Irregular - 1.38, None - 8.50. Interpretation: Individuals with no vitamin D supplementation have a significantly higher risk of Type-1 diabetes compared to those with regular supplementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attributable Risk: 0.198</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attributable risk of 0.198 indicates that a substantial proportion of the risk of Type-1 diabetes is associated with not supplementing with Vitamin D, highlighting the potential impact of Vitamin D supplementation on disease prevention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age standardization is used to compare disease rates across different populations or time periods, by adjusting for differences in age distributions. It enables a more accurate comparison of disease burden and risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers