Podcast
Questions and Answers
What part of the brain controls thermoregulation?
What part of the brain controls thermoregulation?
Which of the following hormones can influence body temperature?
Which of the following hormones can influence body temperature?
During which time periods are diurnal variations commonly observed?
During which time periods are diurnal variations commonly observed?
In which age group is a normal body temperature higher on average?
In which age group is a normal body temperature higher on average?
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What is the average normal body temperature range for adults over age 65?
What is the average normal body temperature range for adults over age 65?
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Which type of thermometer is no longer the instrument of choice for temperature measurement?
Which type of thermometer is no longer the instrument of choice for temperature measurement?
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What is the term used to refer to deep, rapid respirations?
What is the term used to refer to deep, rapid respirations?
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Which type of breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm?
Which type of breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm?
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What is the normal range for the respiratory rate in adults per minute?
What is the normal range for the respiratory rate in adults per minute?
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Which respiratory rhythm is characterized by very deep, very shallow breaths with apnea?
Which respiratory rhythm is characterized by very deep, very shallow breaths with apnea?
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What does apnea refer to in terms of respiration?
What does apnea refer to in terms of respiration?
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What is the term used to describe the amount of air a person takes in during normal inspiration and expiration?
What is the term used to describe the amount of air a person takes in during normal inspiration and expiration?
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What is one of the most effective methods recommended by the CDC for preventing and controlling the transmission of infection?
What is one of the most effective methods recommended by the CDC for preventing and controlling the transmission of infection?
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When should healthcare providers perform hand hygiene according to the 5 moments of hand hygiene?
When should healthcare providers perform hand hygiene according to the 5 moments of hand hygiene?
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What is the purpose of hand hygiene in relation to reducing microorganisms?
What is the purpose of hand hygiene in relation to reducing microorganisms?
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What is the correct step to follow after applying an adequate amount of soap during handwashing?
What is the correct step to follow after applying an adequate amount of soap during handwashing?
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Which action is recommended to be avoided during handwashing to prevent splashing water?
Which action is recommended to be avoided during handwashing to prevent splashing water?
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Why does the CDC recommend that healthcare providers should not wear artificial fingernails or extensions?
Why does the CDC recommend that healthcare providers should not wear artificial fingernails or extensions?
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What is the temperature range for afebrile status?
What is the temperature range for afebrile status?
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Which temperature measurement site is considered inconvenient and more unpleasant for clients?
Which temperature measurement site is considered inconvenient and more unpleasant for clients?
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What is the term used for body temperature above the usual range?
What is the term used for body temperature above the usual range?
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Why can a thermometer break when measuring oral temperature?
Why can a thermometer break when measuring oral temperature?
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Which temperature measurement site is safe, non-invasive, and easily accessible?
Which temperature measurement site is safe, non-invasive, and easily accessible?
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What temperature range reflects hypothermia?
What temperature range reflects hypothermia?
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What is the term for the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries?
What is the term for the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries?
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Which factor affects blood pressure due to its role in the pumping action of the heart?
Which factor affects blood pressure due to its role in the pumping action of the heart?
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What is the term used to describe blood pressure that is persistently above normal and usually asymptomatic?
What is the term used to describe blood pressure that is persistently above normal and usually asymptomatic?
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Which factor does not affect blood pressure according to the text?
Which factor does not affect blood pressure according to the text?
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What is the term for a blood pressure that falls when the client sits or stands?
What is the term for a blood pressure that falls when the client sits or stands?
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Which combination of factors affects blood pressure due to their impact on the diastolic and systolic pressures?
Which combination of factors affects blood pressure due to their impact on the diastolic and systolic pressures?
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Study Notes
Thermoregulation
- The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls thermoregulation, sending signals to muscles, organs, glands, and the nervous system to respond to changes in internal temperature.
- Factors that influence body temperature include:
- Age
- Diurnal variations (4pm-9pm/4am-6am)
- Exercise
- Hormones (e.g. progesterone)
- Stress (e.g. epinephrine, norepinephrine)
- Illness (e.g. infection)
- Environment
Body Temperature
- Normal body temperature range: 96.4°F - 99.1°F (35.8°C - 37°C)
- Average body temperature: 98.6°F (37°C)
- Axillary temperature: 1 degree lower than average body temperature
- Rectal temperature: 1 degree higher than average body temperature
- Average body temperature varies from person to person, with individual ranges potentially differing by up to 1°F (0.6°C)
Age and Body Temperature
- Babies and children: 97.9°F - 99°F (36.6°C - 37.2°C)
- Adults: 98.1°F - 99°F (36.1°C - 37.2°C)
- Adults over 65: 98.6°F (36.2°C)
Thermometers
- Types of thermometers:
- Glass thermometers (no longer commonly used)
- Electronic/digital thermometers
- Tympanic thermometer (measures temperature in 2 seconds)
- Temperature-sensitive tape (measures temperature in 15 seconds)
Respiratory System
- Process of breathing: inhalation and exhalation
- Types of breathing:
- Costal (thoracic) breathing
- Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing
- Tidal volume: amount of air taken in during normal inspiration and expiration
- Respiratory rhythm:
- Normal rhythm
- Cheyne-Stokes (very deep, very shallow with apnea)
- Kussmaul's (rapid, deep, labored breathing)
- Biots (shallow breaths interrupted by clusters of apnea)
- Respiratory character:
- Effortless
- Quiet
- Normal
- Deep
- Shallow
- Patterns of respiration:
- Rate: 12-20 breaths/min (normal), >24 breaths/min (tachypnea), <10 breaths/min (bradypnea)
- Depth: normal, deep, shallow
- Effort: normal, difficult (dyspnea)
Blood Pressure
- Definition: pressure exerted by blood as it flows through arteries
- Determinants of blood pressure:
- Pumping action of the heart
- Peripheral vascular resistance
- Blood volume
- Blood viscosity
- Factors affecting blood pressure:
- Age
- Exercise
- Stress
- Race
- Obesity
- Medications
- Sex/gender
- Diurnal variations
- Disease process
- Temperature
Classification of Blood Pressure
- Hypertension: blood pressure persistently above normal
- Hypotension: blood pressure below normal
- Orthostatic hypotension: blood pressure that falls when sitting or standing
Hand Hygiene
- Purpose: reduce microorganisms on hands, reduce transmission of microorganisms to clients, reduce cross-contamination among clients, and reduce transmission of infectious organisms to oneself
- 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene:
- Before touching a patient
- Before performing clean/aseptic procedures
- After body fluid exposure/risk
- After touching a patient
- After touching patient surroundings
- Hand washing procedure:
- Open tap, adjust temperature, and wet hands under continuous running water
- Apply adequate amount of soap to cover all surfaces of hands
- Rub hands palm to palm, etc. (follows specific hand washing procedure)
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Description
Test your knowledge on hand hygiene techniques including handwashing, antiseptic hand wash, antiseptic hand rub, and surgical hand antisepsis. Learn about the importance of hand hygiene in preventing infection transmission according to CDC guidelines.
