30 Questions
What type of receptors are Hair Follicle Receptors?
Free nerve endings
What constitutes a 'sensory unit'?
One sensory axon and its peripheral branches
According to the Law of Specific Energies, what does not change as intensity of a stimulus increases?
Type of sensation (modality)
Which neurotransmitters can affect the senses through 'central excitation' or 'central inhibition'?
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptides (CGRP) and Norepinephrine
In which anatomical part is the ability to discriminate between two separate stimuli highly developed?
Skin
How far apart must two points be for the cortex to recognize them on the fingertips or lips?
$1$ mm
What is the name of the plexus that lies between the submucosa and the circular muscle?
Submucosal plexus (Meissner plexus)
Which nerve innervates the upper gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and small intestine?
Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
Which of the following is NOT one of the four sympathetic ganglia that serve the gastrointestinal tract?
Cranial
The motor neuron pool of the enteric nervous system consists of:
Both excitatory and inhibitory neurons
Large-amplitude muscle contractions are associated with:
Slow waves when action potentials are present
Which nerve innervates the lower gastrointestinal tract, including the transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons?
Pelvic nerve
What is the initial symptom of syringomyelia?
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation and paralysis
Which of the following statements about phantom pain is correct?
It is caused by the reactivation of a previously coded pain sensation in the sensory cortex due to neural plasticity.
Which of the following statements about pain-based learning is correct?
It can occur in the spinal cord posterior horns, thalamus, or sensory cortex by neural plasticity mechanisms.
What is the cause of the infection known as herpes zoster (shingles)?
The chickenpox virus
How does the chickenpox virus that causes herpes zoster reach the spinal ganglia?
By retrograde transport through peripheral nerves
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of the pain disorder mentioned in the text?
Severe pain triggered by non-painful stimuli like sound or taste
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
To store feces before defecation
What is the role of haustral contractions in the large intestine?
Mix colonic contents back and forth
Which type of contractions occur in the large intestine as part of haustral contractions?
Segmentation contractions
What substance provides bulk in the diet and contributes to regular bowel movements?
Cellulose and other indigestible substances
How do mass movements in the colon function?
To move contents over long distances
What controls haustral contractions in the large intestine?
Locally mediated reflexes involving intrinsic plexuses
What is the primary function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
To stimulate the contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
What is the primary role of secretin in the digestive process?
To stimulate the pancreatic duct cells to release a bicarbonate-rich solution to neutralize acid in the duodenum
Which statement about cholecystokinin (CCK) is correct?
It stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells to increase secretion of pancreatic enzymes
What is the primary function of cholecystokinin (CCK) in regulating food intake?
It plays a key role in satiety, the sensation of having had enough to eat
What is the primary reason for neutralizing the acidic chyme in the duodenum?
To provide a suitable environment for optimal functioning of the pancreatic digestive enzymes
Which statement about secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) is correct?
They are both trophic to the exocrine pancreas
Test your knowledge about hair follicle receptors, sensory units, and stimuli intensity. Learn about how sensory axons and peripheral branches constitute sensory units, and how receptive fields are determined. Explore the relationship between stimulus intensity and impulse transmission frequency.
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