Hair Analysis and Forensic Toxicology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Where does the body create water-soluble metabolites in Phase II of drug metabolism?

Blood

Lungs

Intestine

Liver (correct)

What is the main effect of converting lipid-soluble drugs to large, water-soluble metabolites?

Effective excretion (correct)

Increased absorption

Decreased excretion

Enhanced metabolism

Why are inhaled drugs distributed to the liver via the general circulation?

To target other organs directly

To partially metabolize in the liver (correct)

To enhance absorption

To bypass metabolism

What is the role of the vena porta in drug metabolism?

Transports drugs to the liver Signup and view all the answers

Why does elimination of drugs absorbed by the lungs start immediately?

Fast absorption/desorption process Signup and view all the answers

What equilibrium exists during drug absorption between tissues and blood?

Concentration equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples are typically obtained at autopsy for drug detection purposes?

Tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between plasma and serum?

Serum remains after clotting, plasma remains when clotting is prevented. Signup and view all the answers

Why are blood samples considered ideal for quantitative drug analysis?

Blood components can include both plasma and serum. Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do tissues and body fluids serve in forensic toxicology?

To analyze levels of physiological substances for homeostasis monitoring. Signup and view all the answers

Why do forensic toxicologists use analytical toxicology in their work?

To detect and estimate drugs or toxicants in body samples. Signup and view all the answers

What role do preservation and anticoagulation factors play in sample collection?

They help maintain sample integrity for accurate analysis. Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug will move into an aqueous solvent?

Hydrophilic Signup and view all the answers

Which type of extraction method involves the adsorption of components on a solid phase to separate unwanted components?

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) Signup and view all the answers

What forces are responsible for weakly retaining analytes in solid-phase extraction (SPE)?

Vander Waal Forces or hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

What type of material is commonly used as the sorbent in solid-phase extraction (SPE)?

Silica Signup and view all the answers

In supported-liquid extraction (SLE), what is the composition of the stationary phase bed that captures the aqueous solvent?

Diatomaceous earth such as silica Signup and view all the answers

How is the partitioning of analytes achieved in supported-liquid extraction (SLE)?

Through a particular bed Signup and view all the answers

What is pharmacokinetics primarily concerned with?

Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can athletes be exposed to toxicants (drugs) according to the text?

Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal penetration Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of proving inadvertent drug use in athletes?

Rests with the athlete Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inhalers containing what substances are permitted for athletes?

Inhalers containing glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main portals of entry for toxicants into an athlete's system as mentioned in the text?

Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin Signup and view all the answers

Which category of inhaled substances may be prohibited or allowed under a certain dose for athletes?

Beta-2 agonists Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using multiple analytical techniques in anti-doping laboratories?

To improve the accuracy and reliability of test results Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is described as the most discriminatory in drug testing?

Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MS in chromatography testing?

Measure the precise molecular mass of ions Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is considered the gold standard in forensic drug analysis?

Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry Signup and view all the answers

What does LC/MS/MS stand for in the context of analytical techniques?

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Signup and view all the answers

Which type of testing is chromatography generally reserved for?

Definitive or confirmatory testing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics is the study of a drug's journey through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
The liver is the main site of biotransformation, where lipid-soluble drugs are converted to water-soluble metabolites for excretion.

Metabolism

Phase I: An active metabolite is formed, which can carry out the effect of the drug.
Phase II: A water-soluble metabolite is created by adding endogenous hydrophilic groups, resulting in an inactive compound that can be excreted.

Absorption

Athletes can be exposed to drugs through three main portals of entry: respiratory tract (inhalation), gastrointestinal tract (ingestion), and skin (dermal penetration).
Examples of absorption methods include asthma inhalers and oral consumption of anabolic steroids.

Elimination

Elimination of absorbed drugs depends on the portal of entry and begins after distribution and biotransformation.
In the lungs, absorption and desorption occur immediately, with partial elimination through exhaled air.

Biological Samples

Three main biological samples are used for drug testing: blood, urine, and saliva.
Blood samples are ideal for quantitative analysis of drugs, and can include whole blood, plasma, or serum.

Sample Preparation

Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) involves separating polar and hydrophobic drugs using centrifugation.
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) involves adsorption of components on a solid phase or sorbent to separate unwanted components and extract analytes of interest.
Supported-liquid extraction (SLE) uses a stationary phase to capture aqueous solvent while organic solvent flows through.

Analytical Techniques

Multiple analytical techniques are used in anti-doping laboratories, including immunological methods (EMIT), chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, and chromatography.
Chromatography is the most discriminatory technique, allowing for the detection of specific drugs and/or metabolites.
Types of chromatography testing include gas chromatography (GC) - mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

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Description

Test your knowledge on using hair analysis as an indicator of physiological substances and how forensic toxicologists use analytical methods to detect drugs. Learn about the importance of understanding modes of elimination for detecting analytes in forensic toxicology.