5. PUD

<p>CagA injection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of large vacuoles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit prostaglandin production (PGE2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By binding to bacterial toxins and hindering prostaglandin synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PPIs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By activating prostaglandin receptors to inhibit gastric acid secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction in gastric acid secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interacting with positive charge proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, reducing intestinal inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Misoprostol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase pump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases urease enzyme activity and raises gastric pH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.5 - 1 hour (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric carcinoid tumors and ECL cell hyperplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases proton pump activation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents disruption of tight junctions between epithelial cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced mucosal regeneration capacity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased secretion of HCO3- and mucus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases replacement of prostaglandins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the thickness of the mucus layer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in pepsin secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents disrupting of the tight junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurokinin-1 receptor activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protecting the mucosal lining from gastric acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure of medical management. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifying dietary habits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their role in intracerebral hemorrhage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An approach based on evidence in clinical practice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the microenvironment of inflammation and cancer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mucosal break extending into the submucosa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal ileum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helicobacter pylori infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute onset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interleukin-10 (IL-10) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenal portion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The incidence of peptic ulcers is higher than its complications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Burning or gnawing pain in the epigastric region, often relieved by antacids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By producing factors that damage the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce the production of prostaglandins, compromising mucosal protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutralizing stomach acid and raising the pH of gastric contents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking histamine receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate prostaglandin receptors in the stomach to maintain mucosal protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholinomimetic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acid-related injury in the digestive tract causing a mucosal break that extends to the submucosa. Typically found in the stomach or duodenum, but can occur in the esophagus or Meckel's diverticulum.

Inflammation of the stomach lining.

An imbalance between the protective mechanisms of the stomach lining and aggressive factors like acid.

A bacterium found in the stomach that can cause peptic ulcers.

A protein produced by H. pylori that can damage the stomach lining.

The type of peptic ulcers that are often chronic and located in the duodenum.

The type of peptic ulcers that are usually acute and related to factors like NSAIDs or stress.

A system of virulence factors produced by H. pylori that are involved in its pathogenicity.

Urease is an enzyme produced by H. pylori that helps it survive in the acidic environment of the stomach by breaking down urea into ammonia, which neutralizes stomach acid.

H. pylori uses flagella for motility, allowing it to move through the mucus lining of the stomach and reach the gastric epithelial cells. Adhesins are proteins on the surface of H. pylori that help it attach to the epithelial cells.

CagA and VacA are toxins produced by H. pylori that disrupt cell function and contribute to inflammation and damage in the stomach. CagA alters the cytoskeleton of cells, while VacA forms vacuoles and disrupts tight junctions.

H. pylori infection can cause changes in cell signaling and gene expression, contributing to the development of peptic ulcer disease.

The production of mucus is regulated by prostaglandins (PGE2). NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) can inhibit prostaglandin production, reducing mucus production and making the stomach more vulnerable to H. pylori infection.

Sucralfate is a medication that forms a protective layer over ulcers and other damaged areas in the stomach. It works by binding to exposed proteins in the gastric mucosa, creating a barrier against acid and pepsin.

Lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, stress management, and moderate alcohol consumption can contribute to better management of H. pylori infection.

A variety of medications are used to eradicate H. pylori infection, including antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs). These drugs target different aspects of the infection, such as bacterial growth, acid production, and gastric motility.

A medication used to treat various stomach discomforts like nausea, heartburn, indigestion, and diarrhea. It works by reducing stomach acid, soothing the stomach lining, and fighting bacteria.

A medication that acts as an antacid by reducing stomach acid production. It also possesses soothing properties for the stomach lining.

Bismuth subsalicylate breaks down into bismuth oxychloride and salicylic acid in the stomach. Salicylic acid helps reduce inflammation and gut movements, while bismuth oxychloride binds to toxins and kills bacteria.

A medication used for treating ulcers, preventing ulcer formation caused by NSAIDs, and inducing labor in certain cases. It also plays a role in terminating pregnancies.

Misoprostol binds to receptors in the stomach lining, reducing acid secretion and protecting against ulcers. It also affects the uterus, influencing labor and pregnancy.

A protective layer of mucus lining the stomach and intestines, it serves as a barrier against stomach acid and digestive enzymes.

Medications that work by lining the stomach and protecting it from acid damage.

A medication that helps protect the stomach lining by binding to ulcers and creating a barrier.

A proton pump inhibitor commonly used to treat various conditions related to excessive stomach acid.

Omeprazole works by irreversibly binding to the acid-secreting pump in the stomach, preventing acid from being released.

A condition where there is too much acid production in the stomach, sometimes leading to ulcers or other digestive problems.

Omeprazole can cause side effects like confusion, dizziness, increased heart rate, nausea, and sweating.

A type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects the large intestine, causing inflammation and ulcers.

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the entire gastrointestinal tract, causing inflammation and ulcers.

A bacterial infection that can cause inflammation and ulcers in the stomach and duodenum.

A group of drugs that reduce stomach acid production, often used to treat ulcers and heartburn.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation.

The upper part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

A protective layer that lines the stomach and duodenum, helping to prevent ulcers.

A chemical produced by the stomach, helping to break down food.

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue that has protective effects on the stomach lining. It helps to increase the production of bicarbonate, a crucial component of the protective mucus layer. Additionally, Misoprostol helps stabilize tissue and reinforces the tight junctions between epithelial cells, acting as a barrier against damage from acidity.

Misoprostol's action primarily focuses on the stomach lining, known as the mucosa. It works by promoting the production of bicarbonate, a substance that neutralizes acid and forms a protective layer. This layer helps prevent damage from gastric acid.

By increasing the production of bicarbonate and maintaining the tight junctions between epithelial cells, Misoprostol significantly enhances the integrity of the stomach lining. This protection is crucial to preventing damage from the corrosive effects of gastric acid.

One of the primary benefits of Misoprostol is its ability to increase mucosal blood flow. This is achieved through direct vasodilation, which expands blood vessels, leading to an improved blood supply to the stomach lining. This enhanced blood flow supports the healing process and overall health of the stomach.

Misoprostol is not typically used as a primary treatment for H. pylori infection. While it can offer protection, it's generally combined with other medications, such as antibiotics, to effectively target and eradicate H. pylori bacteria.

Misoprostol plays a vital role in protecting the stomach lining from damage caused by NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). NSAIDs can increase the risk of stomach ulcers, but Misoprostol helps to mitigate this by reinforcing the protective mechanisms of the stomach lining.

Misoprostol is a useful tool for treating peptic ulcers. It serves as a protective agent, helping to heal existing ulcers and prevent further damage by strengthening the stomach lining and promoting a healthy environment for healing.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a break in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum. It's characterized by sores (ulcers) of varying sizes that can cause pain, discomfort, and bleeding.

The most common cause of PUD is infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria. This bacteria produces factors that damage the stomach lining.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, can also contribute to PUD by reducing prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins protect the gastric mucosa.

Antacids, such as aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide, neutralize stomach acid quickly, providing fast relief from pain.

H2R antagonists, such as ranitidine or cimetidine, block histamine receptors, which reduces stomach acid secretion and inflammation.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), like omeprazole or lansoprazole, are strong inhibitors of gastric acid production. They work by blocking the H+/K+ ATPase pump, which is responsible for acid secretion.

Prostaglandin analogues, such as misoprostol, stimulate prostaglandin receptors in the stomach to maintain mucosal protection. They act as a protective agent against ulcers.

Cholinomimetics, such as bethanechol, mimic the action of acetylcholine, reducing gastric acid secretion by regulating the firing impulses to parietal cells.