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Introduction to Biology

• Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing all living organisms and processes.
• It explores the diversity of living things, from microscopic bacteria to massive whales.
• Biology investigates the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms.
• This field includes numerous sub-disciplines like botany, zoology, microbiology, and genetics.

Branches of Biology

• Botany: Branch focusing on plants, including their structure, function, evolution, and classification.
• Zoology: Branch focusing on animals, including their structure, function, evolution, and classification.
• Microbiology: Branch focusing on microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.
• Genetics: Branch focusing on heredity, including the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
• Ecology: Branch focusing on the interactions between organisms and their environment.
• Molecular Biology: Branch focusing on the study of biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins.
• Physiology: Branch focusing on the functions and processes of living organisms, at the cellular or organismal level.

Key Properties of Living Organisms

• Organization: Living organisms possess complex organization, from cells to tissues, organs, organ systems, and ultimately an entire organism.
• Metabolism: Living organisms carry out chemical reactions to obtain energy and synthesize materials required for growth and reproduction.
• Growth and Development: Living organisms exhibit growth and development, increasing in size and complexity over time.
• Adaptation: Living organisms have evolved adaptations to environmental conditions that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce.
• Response to Stimuli: Living organisms respond to external stimuli from their surroundings.
• Reproduction: Living organisms reproduce to create new generations of similar organisms.
• Homeostasis: Living organisms maintain a stable internal environment, despite external changes.

Levels of Biological Organization

• Molecules: The smallest units of biological organization.
• Cells: Basic structural and functional units of life.
• Tissues: Groups of similar cells working together.
• Organs: Groups of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
• Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together.
• Organisms: A single living entity.
• Populations: Groups of individuals of the same species in a given area.
• Communities: Groups of different populations in a specific area.
• Ecosystem: The interactions between communities of organisms and their physical environment.
• Biosphere: All of Earth's ecosystems.

Cell Biology

• Cells are the fundamental units of life.
• There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotic cells are simpler and lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a nucleus.
• Cells contain various organelles with specific functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.
• Cells carry out processes crucial for life, like energy production (respiration), protein synthesis, and waste removal.

Genetics

• Genetics is the study of heredity.
• DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information.
• Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific traits.
• The process of protein synthesis involves the flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
• Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in traits.
• Heredity follows principles of inheritance, described in Mendelian genetics.

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