Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

Which type of attack targets systems to disrupt their availability by overwhelming them with traffic?

  • Phishing attack
  • Ransomware attack
  • Man-in-the-middle attack
  • Denial of Service (DoS) attack (correct)

What is defined as the probability or likelihood of the occurrence of a threat?

  • Threat
  • Risk (correct)
  • Asset
  • Vulnerability

What is one potential consequence of the disclosure of confidential information?

  • Increased market share
  • Improved public relations
  • Enhanced customer loyalty
  • Loss of revenue (correct)

Which of the following best describes assets in the context of security?

<p>Items of economic value owned by an individual or organization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are considered 'script kiddies' in the context of cybersecurity?

<p>People using pre-existing tools to hack without expertise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the risk that remains after implementing safeguards?

<p>Residual risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes organized crime groups among threat actors?

<p>Their primary goal is to financially benefit from illegal activities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a specific tool designed to target critical infrastructure?

<p>Stuxnet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category do hurricanes and flooding fall under in the context of security threats?

<p>Natural threats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In risk management, what does an increased vulnerability indicate?

<p>A higher chance of successful attacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of risk management, what essential framework has been adopted by the U.S. federal government?

<p>Risk Management Framework (RMF) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of malware is designed to damage or destroy a system or data?

<p>Virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of risk is associated with unauthorized attacks by an insider or outsider on an organization’s infrastructure?

<p>Threat actor risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary method used by attackers in today's DoS attacks?

<p>Using botnets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best summarizes the components of risk?

<p>Assets, threats, and vulnerabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes threats in an organizational context?

<p>Events that impact confidentiality, integrity, or availability of assets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ISO 27001 specify?

<p>Requirements for an Information Security Management System (ISMS). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a threat?

<p>Any potential danger to an asset. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of ISO 27005?

<p>Defining a risk management approach. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document outlines how organizations can monitor and measure security?

<p>ISO 27004 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of security, what is a vulnerability?

<p>A weakness in a system that can be exploited. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a threat actor have in an attack?

<p>To exploit vulnerabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ISO/IEC 27000 series?

<p>To establish recommendations for information security management. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is primarily used to perform attacks through vulnerabilities?

<p>Threat vectors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Risk

The probability of a threat affecting an asset.

Assets

Things of value to an organization, physical or digital.

Threats

Events that could harm an organization's assets.

Vulnerabilities

Weaknesses in a system that a threat can exploit.

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Residual Risk

The risk remaining after security measures are in place.

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Risk Management Framework (RMF)

A structured approach to managing risk in information systems.

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Insider Threat

A threat posed by someone within the organization.

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External Threat

A threat posed by someone outside the organization.

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Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure

Attacks targeting essential systems like power plants, water treatment facilities, and oil refineries.

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Stuxnet

A malicious software specifically designed to attack industrial control systems, notably targeting Iranian nuclear facilities.

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Viruses and malware

Software created with harmful intent, designed to damage or destroy systems and data.

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Disclosure of confidential information

Leaking sensitive data like customer information or trade secrets, impacting reputation and potentially causing financial loss.

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DoS and DDoS Attacks

Overwhelming a server with traffic, rendering it inaccessible and causing service outages.

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Threat Actors

Individuals or groups intentionally harming or potentially impacting organizations or individuals.

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Script kiddies

Threat actors with limited skills using pre-made tools to exploit vulnerabilities.

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Organized crime groups

Threat actors motivated by financial gain, stealing information and scamming people.

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ISO 27000 Series

A set of internationally recognized standards for managing information security, developed by ISO and IEC. It provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, and maintaining an Information Security Management System (ISMS).

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ISO 27001

The core standard in the ISO 27000 series, specifying the requirements for an ISMS. It provides a framework for identifying, analyzing, and mitigating information security risks.

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ISO 27002

A code of practice for information security management, providing detailed guidance on various security controls and best practices. It helps organizations implement effective security measures based on industry standards.

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Threat Agent

The method or entity that delivers a threat to an asset. It can be a person, a virus, a malware, or even a natural disaster.

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Latent Threat

A potential risk that exists but hasn't been activated. This occurs when a vulnerability exists but hasn't been exploited or is unknown.

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Realized Threat

An active attack where a vulnerability is exploited, causing real damage to an asset. It's an actual instance of a threat happening.

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Exploit

A method or tool that takes advantage of a vulnerability to gain unauthorized access or control over an asset.

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Study Notes

Cybersecurity Fundamentals

  • Cybersecurity programs aim to protect all connections and organizational data, regardless of storage or transmission.
  • Cybersecurity concepts include the difference between threats, vulnerabilities, and exploits.
  • Common threats include viruses, Trojans, DoS/DDoS attacks, phishing, rootkits, man-in-the-middle attacks, SQL injection, and cross-site scripting.
  • Common software and hardware vulnerabilities include weak or hardcoded passwords, software bugs, missing encryption, buffer overflows, and path traversal.
  • The CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) defines security policies to protect assets.
  • Cloud security threats include data breaches, insecure APIs, DoS attacks, and compromised credentials.
  • IoT (Internet of Things) security threats include device vulnerabilities, lack of security features, and physical access issues.
  • Digital forensics and incident response (DFIR) involves understanding digital evidence and responding to security incidents.

"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz

  • The quiz assesses prior knowledge of the chapter's topics, helping determine if the entire chapter or relevant sections should be read.
  • Questions cover introduction to cybersecurity, definitions, common threats, vulnerabilities, CIA triad, cloud security, and IoT security.

Technical Questions

  • A threat is any potential danger to an asset.
  • A vulnerability is a weakness in system design, implementation, software, code, or a missing mechanism
  • An exploit is a piece of software, tool, or process that takes advantage of a vulnerability.
  • Malware attack mechanisms include Master Boot Record, File Infector, Macro Infector, etc.
  • Vulnerability is identified by a CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) identifier.
  • SQL injection attacks can be blind, out-of-band, or in-band.
  • A web application vulnerability occurs when a flaw is in a web application targeting an end user.
  • A denial-of-service attack impacts availability.
  • Security mechanisms like encryption, controlled traffic routing, and access controls preserve confidentiality.
  • Cloud deployment models include public, private, community, and hybrid.

Risk, Assets, Threats, and Vulnerabilities

  • Risk is the probability a threat will manifest.
  • An asset has economic value to an individual or organization.
  • A threat actor is an individual or group responsible for security incidents.
  • Natural disasters, user attacks, and disclosure of confidential information threaten systems.

Defining Threat Actors

  • Script kiddies use existing tools to attack systems.
  • Organized crime groups aim to steal information and make money.
  • State-sponsored actors steal data or conduct political attacks.
  • Hacktivists perform attacks to promote a cause.
  • Terrorist groups perform attacks based on political or religious beliefs.

Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Exploits

  • A security threat is any potential danger to an asset.
  • Security vulnerabilities include flaws in systems, software, or code.
  • An exploit takes advantage of a vulnerability during a security breach.

Viruses and Worms

  • Viruses need an existing program to infect; Worms can spread independently.
  • Spyware, a type of malware, steals information without user acknowledgement.
  • Malware uses several propagation methods including master boot record infection, BIOS infection, file infection, and macro infection.

Malware Payloads

  • Malware may overwrite parts of an infected file, put the code at the beginning or end, or prepender or appender.
  • Malware detection is increasingly challenging due to the variety of techniques used to obfuscate code, encrypt, and make malicious code undetectable by antivirus software.

Trojan Types

  • Remote Access Trojans (RATs) give attackers complete control over the system.
  • Data hiding Trojans hide the data, usually involving ransom payments for release.
  • Banking Trojans steal banking information.
  • Denial-of-Service (DoS) Trojans disrupt services by overwhelming them.
  • Proxy Trojans mask attackers' identity.
  • FTP Trojans allow malicious file transfer.

Cloud Security Threats

  • Cloud security threats include data breaches, insecure APIs, DoS attacks, and privilege escalation.

IoT Security Threats

  • IoT device vulnerabilities, lack of security features, compromised credentials, and physical access.

Incident Response

  • Incident response addresses security incidents, providing a predictable and managed response.
  • Incident response plans (IRPs), policies, procedures, and personnel are components of a response program.
  • Incident classification and handling, information classification and protection, record retention and destruction, and acceptable usage of encryption are all important considerations during incident response.

Incident Response Teams

  • CSIRT (Computer Security Incident Response Team) is responsible for investigating and resolving computer security incidents.
  • PSIRT (Product Security Incident Response Team) handles security vulnerabilities in products or services.

Common Vulnerability Scoring Systems (CVSS)

  • CVSS provides a standardized method for scoring vulnerabilities based on the severity, such as base, temporal, and environmental aspects for analysis.

Security Vulnerabilities in Open-Source Software

  • Open-source software vulnerabilities frequently require urgent attention, so organizations and individuals routinely update software and tools.

Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR)

  • Digital evidence preservation ensures evidence integrity from collection through presentation in a court of law.
  • Digital forensics and incident response methodologies involve policies, plans, procedures, and personnel.

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