Gut Microbiota and Human Health

• Gut microbiota has garnered considerable interest, and knowledge of inhabitant species/applications has surged with metagenomic studies.
• Gut microbiota is diverse, harboring trillions of microorganisms in the human digestive system.
• Gut microbiome shaping/multiplication begins at birth, and composition is influenced by genetics, nutrition, and environment.
• Changes in gut microbiota impact intestinal permeability, digestion, metabolism, and immune responses.
• Pro-inflammatory states from gut microbiota imbalances can trigger diseases ranging from gastrointestinal, metabolic, immunological, to neuropsychiatric conditions.
• A review clarifies the role of gut microbiota in host health, the effects of contributing factors on gut microbial structure/function, and therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating/restoring intestinal ecosystem balance.

Gut Microbiome Info

• Gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms in the digestive tracts of humans, animals, etc.
• Humans have the most microorganisms and species in their gut microbiota.
• Gut microbiota consists of thousands of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and some eukaryotes that colonize the digestive tract after birth.
• Intestinal microbiota contains 1500+ species within 50+ phyla.
• Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, make up 90% of the total microbial population in humans.
• Host genetics, diet, age, birth mode, and antibiotics affect gut microbiota composition/function.

Gut Microbiota Functions

• The gut microbiota offers protection from pathogens by colonizing mucosal surfaces and producing antimicrobial substances and boosts the immune system.
• Gut microbiota plays a vital role in digestion, metabolism, controlling epithelial cell proliferation/differentiation, modifying insulin resistance/secretion, and influencing brain-gut communication which affects mental/neurological functions.
• Gut microbiota is significant in maintaining normal gut physiology/health.
• Gut microbiota disturbance is related to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), obesity, diabetes, allergy, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular disease.
• Approaches to modulate gut microbiota are probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Gut Microbiota Composition

• The microbial composition changes across the digestive tract.
• Few bacteria are present in the stomach and small digestive tract.
• The colon contains up to 10^12 cells per gram of intestinal substance, and 300 to 1000 different bacterial species.
• 99% of the bacteria come from around 30 to 40 species.
• Bacterial species make up 60% of the feces dry mass as a result of their abundance in the digestive tract.
• Fungi, protists, archaea, and viruses are also present in the gut flora.
• Most gut bacteria (99%) are anaerobes, but the cecum has high densities of aerobic microbes.
• The most dominant bacterial phyla in the human gut are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria.
• Recorded bacterial genera include Bacteroides, Clostridium, Peptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, and Peptostreptococcus.
• Bacteroides is the most abundant genus, species comprise about 30% of bacteria in the gut; the genus is significant in host organism functioning.

Roles in gut Microbiota

• The establishment in humans begins early in life before birth.
• Gut microbiota is essential for normal host organism functioning.
• Gut microbiota can synthesize various metabolic products with either positive or negative effects upon interaction with the host.
• Gut microbiota lives/replicates on intestinal surfaces, creating a stable system thar protects against invading pathogenic microorganisms.

Role in Metabolism

• The microbiota is responsible for metabolizing dietary elements into bioactive food components.
• Gut bacteria metabolize indigestible carbohydrates like cellulose, hemicelluloses, resistant starch, pectin, oligosaccharides, and lignin into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic, propionic and butyric acids.
• Fatty acids pass by digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and enter the colon.
• Metabolic products come mainly from Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and some anaerobic gut microorganisms.
• Disturbance of short chain fatty acids biosynthesis can have pathological consequences for the host.
• The microbiota perform an essential role in vitamin synthesis like biotin, thiamine, cobalamin, riboflavin, nicotine and pantothenic acids, as well as vitamin B and K.
• Vitamin biosynthesis pathways occur across the three distinguished enterotypes such as synthesis of ascorbate, riboflavin, biotin, folic acid and thiamine.
• Gut microbiota synthesize neurochemicals such as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) which is significant inhibitory neurotransmitter, and neuropsychiatric disorders have been connected to GABA dysfunction.
• Gut microbiota are reported to be involved in the synthesis of bile acids, cholesterol and conjugated fatty acids, as well as carbohydrates, branched chain amino acids, amines, phenols, indoles and phenylacetic acid.

Protective Factors

• The protection comes from occupying intestinal surfaces and creating a system stability that prevents pathogenic microorganisms from invading.
• Breakdown of non-digestible compounds including metabolic functions which produces short chain fatty acids (SCFAs).
• Fermentation products from anaerobic activity serve as a significant energy source for intestinal epithelial cells and therefore strengthen the mucosal barrier
• SCFAs are reported to have promising anti-inflammatory and chemo-preventive properties, regarded as tumor suppressors.
• Propionate and butyrate have anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, and butyrate-producing microorganisms are decreased in patients with colon cancer.
• Histone deacetylase activity is reduced in colonocytes and immune cells.

Bone Growth

• The relationship between gut microbiota and bones is complex and includes mechanisms such as regulation of nutrient absorption.
• Microbial products translocation across the gut, and immune system regulation.
• Gut microbiota significantly impacts bone growth and development through SCFAs, and enhances calcium absorption.
• The gut microbiota acts as an immunoregulator of osteoclast-osteoblast mediated bone remodeling processes.

Brain Axis

• The gut brain microbiota axis is a bidirectional communication system where gut microbes relay messages to the brain and vice versa.
• This axis correlates with the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system.
• Gut brain axis connects the emotional centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions and mechanisms like enteric reflex, intestinal permeability, immune activation and enteroendocrine signaling.
• SCFAs produced by gut microbiota affect the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) by increasing production of the tight junction proteins.
• The increased BBB reduces entry of undesirable metabolites into brain tissue.
• Gut microbiota produces compounds, such as lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide influence autoimmune function by stimulating cytokine release from immune cells.
• Cytokines can cross the BBB and activate neurons altering neurological function, resulting in changes in mood and behavior.

Ingredients

• Diet is essential in the modulation, adjusting the metabolites, and increases or decreases the species.
• Diet affects how quickly and easily the body absorbs short-chain fatty acids.
• Diet shapes infant gut microbiota by adapting to the availability of nutrients.
• Early in infancy, the gut microbiota contain the digestion of oligosaccharides found in breast milk, later because of the intro of solid foods so genes associated with polysaccharide are more common.
• The method of feeding significantly impacts microbial composition in infant microbiota. Breast-fed infants exhibit an overgrowth of Actinobacteria and an inhibition of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria.
• Milk includes oligosaccharides that these bacterial species metabolize effectively, increasing short-chain fatty acids, which directs the immune system to increase expression of immunoglobulin G.
• Formula-fed infants exhibit increasing of Clostiridia, Streptococci, Bacteroides and Enterbacteria.
• Diet dictates that it becomes the key to organize the structure, shape, and variety of gut microbiota after the infancy stage.
• Vegetarian choices are related with dominant Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, health, and variation of gut microbiota species.
• Dietary fiber consumption keeps the integrity of mucosal barrier function of the gut.
• A rich fiber diet improves glucose control and promotes a healthier metabolic profile in T2DM patients.
• High protein/fat diets are correlated with high bile-tolerant species.
• A lower immunity results from the rise in the consumption of this type of diet also with more diseases.

Age Factors

• The age of the host impacts the microbiota composition.
• Microbiota colonization varies as to the route of delivery
• Better microbiota colonization appears instantly after birth, bacteria entering are aerobic strains
• Bacteria reduce oxygen conc, and anaerobic strains' colonization (Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides)
• Most of the establishment period and development is age related, but diversity is low, and a reduction shows in old people, though there's increasing numbers of various issues and stuff
• In childhood, composition becomes more stable with members, though the pre adolescent is rich in vit and minerals
• Adolescent gut is abundant in things, where healthy adult is verrucomicrobia, actinobacteria, and proteobacteria.
• Aging notably shifts all from habits, and dietary problems, where a lower ratio and abundance is when compared.

Genetics, Exercise, Antibiotics and Smoking

• Genetics affect the abundance in individual taxa which causes the variation in pathogen susceptibly.
• Several associations between the microbiome and genes associated with the host's innate immunity
• Exercise enriches diversity and positively correlates with the protein.
• Lower chronic causes with reduced morbidity
• Antibiotics destroy both pathogenic and beneficial microbes that cause problems.
• The utilization disturbs the mechanism by microbiota and inhibit pathogens
• Effects depend on the kind, can cause microbiota with not recovering in the variety
• Clarithromycin declines in numbers, as ciprofloxacin has not recovered.
• Vancomycin cause reduction, but increasing in species.
• Smoking influences composition, but changes were observed in the fecal microbiota with an increase, and reduction
• Differences between oral of smokers and nonsmokers.

Impacts

• Geological location is related to where the organisms of the body's bacteria changes
• These regions are based on different lifestyles, and studies have demonstrated improvements in non countries,
• While those in some nations were higher in things.
• A loss of balance in body and results in being unpleasant.
• Population makes the association to other sicknesses. IBS IS FROM SOME SYMPTOMS, FERMAENTS INCREASE GAS, AND IT IS FROM SYMPTOMS, AND OTHERS. Disorders correlated to the between (called). Participation from what's in physiology. Implicated since it attaches microbacteria to the bowel wall. Afflicting something along the lines what was presented. The is a disease of both from hygienic. Interspecies, where it permits microbiota etc, blah blah. Increased.

Diseases

• Fatty liver diseases- with life and diet, with the things inside.
• Trigger disease and cause bad bacteria to go and ruin functions _ Some report low levels of.
• With bacteria, the mechanism prompts the amount.
• Ratio gets out of wack causing high energy that turns on
• Decrease occurs which activate lipo.
• A rise of that one bacteria means more gut penetration, and into the liver, or taking, etc.
• Obessity-body mass index with excess tissue.
• Disease can be caused by genetic and stuff that play key roles.
• It has an increased capacity, and high and the bacteria that have a major role
• Can be from things and the ratios.
• Is a deficiency of the cells.
• With gut organization.

Immune & Cardio Problems

• Modifies things by bad lacter, and functional variety and what you are.
• Metabolic, what you do, what you eat, etc
• Microbes represents and increase, and that causes TMA that develops atherosclerosis.
• These patients bacteria are abundance and producing of bad thing.
• Diseases are and stuff, to do with airways.
• What the person is doing, and how it effects etc, and factors.
• Effect of the thing, there is great evidence which contribute something.

Oncologic Diseases

• One main cause of mortality is things that happen within diseases, and there the is produced.
• Take stuff with protein and fats, low fiber more at risk, and intake on vegetables and more less likely.
• Colon cancer, there more specie, but high light for many studies
• Can the enter affect more tumors, and immune response is used for inflammation
• Been studied in several types, and it confirmed dna association of fusobacterium
• Contributes with a mechanism

Others & Therapy

• This suggest species thru mechanisms.
• Some showed higher counts because of all the other things.
• Progession is dependent on those, but rather pathways metabolic..
• Significant enteric with bacterial fighting back for diseases.
• Observed people have, they had something something and there was stuff.
• May offer the chance.
• The axis is all well with humans.
• Problems such as anxiety, illness, and neurodegenerative which is Alzheimers.
• Anxiety is the mechanisms and that can enhance other responses.
• Dysbiosis can cause anxiety, so bacteria infect the gut.
• Some spices are have things.
• Has bad effects.
• Mood that is bad , the system thing.
• Disorders altered how someone feels.
• Dysfunction and stuff that is been related to intestines.
• Has had the effects thru out.

Synbiotics

• Many are used all over the time, and here is it all things _ Drugs and food, supplement as yogurt, cheese and others. _ Industries in and they very depending. _ Many function as a , things the bacteria does, they synthesize, and _ Also , and all the good, depending _ When they exposed to.
• Some is a treatment, is for some reason being the .
• All and with benefits is for it all, to prevent side's, from all,

Treatment

_ Anti with what all the people, these does thru out and. _ This is good with stuff. _ Engineered way can make new bacteria. _ Perform in specific areas, such as produce mole.

• Has been described.
• Fermentation, and good, then they will, _ Give the in, that do all things for the, _ Synbiotic, the combo, to test some strains.
• Should all because to treat because different types.
• Been applyed to some of the that has been reportly
• Ulcerative, to do with with, diastolic. +To reduce the number of tumors are like the cancer, helps balance the and stuff and make the more friendly
• Inulin are reaching, made by resident and get pH lower. _ Should do beneficial to what it is suppose the for.
• The bacteria, you need that in your normal in microbiota. _Regardless of what type, it still very efficient because its therapeutic for illnesses.
• Resemble is shown, though there and to what you will going to be.