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Questions and Answers

Where are heavily colonized body regions that contain approximately 10^13 microbes in the human microbiome?

Muscles, Bones, Nerves, Blood Vessels

Brain, Heart, Liver, Kidneys

Lungs, Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas

Gastrointestinal Tract, Oral Cavity and Airways, Urogenital Tracts, The Skin (correct)

What are the future benefits of knowing about the diversity and function of the human microbiome?

Development of biomarkers for predicting predisposition to diseases, personalized drug therapies and probiotics (correct)

Enhanced understanding of human psychology and behavior

Advancements in space exploration and extraterrestrial life research

Improved methods for treating bone fractures and injuries

What is the most heavily colonized site in the human body by microbes?

Skin

Gastrointestinal tract (correct)

Respiratory tract

Oral cavity

What is the main composition of the gut microbiota in terms of phyla?

Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial species maintains a local acidic environment in the vagina of adult females?

Lactobacillus acidophilus Signup and view all the answers

Where do microbial metabolites significantly influence host physiology?

Gut Signup and view all the answers

Which body part has approximately 1 million resident bacteria per square centimeter?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

Which body part contains a high diversity of bacteria and saliva with antimicrobial enzymes?

Oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

Where do potential pathogens thrive in the upper respiratory tract?

Upper respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

In healthy individuals, which body part is sterile?

Kidney and bladder Signup and view all the answers

What regulates metabolism and propensity for obesity based on its enterotypes?

Gut microbiota Signup and view all the answers

Which body part may be colonized by potential pathogens under altered conditions, causing urinary tract infections?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

Which body part has no normal microbiota in healthy adults?

Lower respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

Which body part plays a role in protecting against pathogens and maintaining skin health?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total number of resident bacteria per square centimeter on the skin of the average adult?

$10^{10}$ Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the development of an adult-like skin microbiota community typically occur?

By the age of three Signup and view all the answers

What is a major step in microbial colonization for newborns?

Vaginal delivery Signup and view all the answers

What component of breastmilk promotes gut health by being metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine?

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using mouse models to investigate the impact of the gut microbiome on health and development?

To perform experiments that cannot be done on humans Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in fat percentage between normal mice and germ-free mice with the same diet?

40% more fat in normal mice Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is attributed to changes in diversity, temporal stability, and metabolic activity of the human microbiome?

Irritable bowel disease (IBD) Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring, including autism?

Maternal immune activation (mIA) during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What influences autistic-like behavior in animal models and potentially ameliorates neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities?

Gut microbiota Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant impact of oral antibiotics on the human gut microbiome?

They decrease all microbes in the gut Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Human Microbiome: Key Facts and Implications

The skin harbors approximately 1 million resident bacteria per square centimeter, totaling about 10^10 microorganisms on the average adult.
The skin surface is categorized into three distinct microenvironments: dry, moist, and sebaceous skin, and the skin microbiota is influenced by various factors including environmental factors, age, and hygiene.
Microbial colonization begins at birth, with community succession occurring over the first few years, leading to the development of an adult-like community by the age of three.
Vaginal delivery is a major step in microbial colonization, with fetal exposure to maternal microbiota playing a significant role.
Changes in the vaginal and gut microbiota occur during pregnancy, with adaptations to support the growth of the mother and fetus.
Breastmilk contains lactose, fats, and over 200 human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that cannot be digested by babies but are metabolized by bacteria in the large intestine, promoting gut health.
Mouse models are used to investigate the impact of the gut microbiome on health and development, enabling experiments that cannot be performed on humans.
Normal mice have 40% more fat than germ-free mice with the same diet, and the gut microbiota influences obesity, with obese individuals having more Firmicutes than non-obese individuals.
Irritable bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are attributed to the human microbiome, with changes in diversity, temporal stability, and metabolic activity reported in IBS patients.
Maternal immune activation (mIA) during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring, including autism.
The gut microbiota influences autistic-like behavior in animal models, with specific bacteria potentially ameliorating neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.
Oral antibiotics decrease all microbes in the human gut, highlighting the significant impact of antibiotics on the human microbiome.

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Test your knowledge of the human microbiome with this quiz. Explore key facts and implications of the microbiota on various aspects of human health, development, and disease. From microbial colonization at birth to the impact on neurodevelopmental disorders, this quiz covers diverse topics related to the human microbiome.

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