Guinea Pig Blood Sampling Considerations
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Questions and Answers

Which suborder of Rodentia includes the squirrel family?

  • Castorimorpha
  • Anomaluromorpha
  • Myomorpha
  • Sciuromorpha (correct)

    • Where are Elodontomas commonly seen in rodents?

  • In marmots
  • In prairie dogs and Richardson's ground squirrels (correct)
  • In beavers
  • In flying squirrels

    • Which part of the teeth is affected by Elodontomas?

  • Roots of the teeth
  • Dentine at the base of the teeth
  • Enamel at the base of the teeth (correct)
  • Gums surrounding the teeth

    • What causes disruption in the erupting enamel of the incisors in rodents with Elodontomas?

    <p>Failure of incisors to erupt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order does the suborder Hystricomorpha belong to?

    <p>Rodentia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific condition associated with squirrels known as Elodontomas?

    <p>Progressive accumulation of odontogenic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suborder of Rodentia includes beavers?

    <p>Castorimorpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do we primarily see Elodontomas in rodents?

    <p>In their incisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for myomorphs not coping well with hyperglycaemia?

    <p>They have different enzymes within the lens compared to other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is likely to exacerbate PU/PD and cataract formation in myomorphs?

    <p>Sugary foods (fruit, raisins, carrots)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of spontaneous amyloidosis of islets in myomorphs?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus causing damage to the islet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a suitable site for fluid therapy in myomorphs?

    <p>Intraosseous catherisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood sampling site is visible distally in rats and mice?

    <p>Femoral vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is dental disease rarely a problem in myomorphs?

    <p>They have permanent molars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of persistent hyperglycaemia being less common in myomorphs?

    <p>Spontaneous amyloidosis of islets secondary to cytomegalovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of choice for slow rehydration in myomorphs when the gastrointestinal tract is functional?

    <p>Oral fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dental anatomy of a guinea pig?

    <p>One incisor pair, one premolar, and three molars in each quadrant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of dental disease in guinea pigs?

    <p>Reduced appetite, grooming, weight loss, change in faeces, and ocular discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dental evaluation done for guinea pigs?

    <p>Under anaesthesia with the need to clear the mouth and cheek pouches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the management of dental disease in guinea pigs involve?

    <p>Radiographic assessment, reshaping and shortening of crowns, gingival resection, pulpectomy (for mandibular pathology), analgesia, supportive feeding, and prophylactic Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory disease are guinea pigs susceptible to?

    <p>Secondary to immunosuppression or bacterial irritants like ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common endocrine disease in guinea pigs?

    <p>Cystic ovaries affecting both ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dermatophytosis in guinea pigs caused by?

    <p>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dermatophytosis diagnosed in guinea pigs?

    <p>Microscopy and dermatophyte culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathology is commonly observed in ground squirrels and prairie dogs, causing respiratory compromise and potential death?

    <p>Elodontomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment option for elodontomas in ground squirrels and prairie dogs, but not recommended as a first surgery due to the extensive root structure of these tumors?

    <p>Sinus trephination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virus is associated with hepatic carcinomas in ground squirrels and prairie dogs?

    <p>HEPADNAVIRUS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suborder includes squirrels, prairie dogs, and chipmunks?

    <p>Sciuromorpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suborder includes guinea pigs, chinchillas, degus, porcupines, and capybaras?

    <p>Hystricomorpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for placing intravenous catheterization in rodents?

    <p>Cephalic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is more appropriate for critical patients needing catheterization in rodents?

    <p>Intraosseous catheterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred treatment for Trixacarus caviae (sarcoptic mite) in guinea pigs?

    <p>Terbinafine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition in guinea pigs can lead to abortion/foetal resorption in pregnant sows?

    <p>Sarcoptic mange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for pododermatitis (bumblefoot) in guinea pigs?

    <p>Topical emollients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common ocular abnormality in guinea pigs?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of cystitis in guinea pigs?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the stoic nature of chinchillas when it comes to disease presentation?

    <p>Advanced disease at presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration for the diet of degus to prevent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Mild-moderate changes in diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred treatment for Trixacarus caviae (sarcoptic mite) in guinea pigs?

    <p>Terbinafine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition in guinea pigs can lead to abortion/foetal resorption in pregnant sows?

    <p>Sarcoptic mange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for pododermatitis (bumblefoot) in guinea pigs?

    <p>Topical emollients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common ocular abnormality in guinea pigs?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of cystitis in guinea pigs?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the stoic nature of chinchillas when it comes to disease presentation?

    <p>Advanced disease at presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration for the diet of degus to prevent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Mild-moderate changes in diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the treatment options for elodontomas in ground squirrels and prairie dogs?

    <p>Sinus trephination or extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific condition associated with squirrels known as Elodontomas?

    <p>Elodontomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the species-specific virus associated with hepatic carcinomas in ground squirrels and prairie dogs?

    <p>HEPADNAVIRUS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order does the suborder Hystricomorpha belong to?

    <p>Rodentia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of hepatic carcinomas in ground squirrels and prairie dogs?

    <p>Significant masses within the liver, abdominal distension, potential signs of liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of dental disease in guinea pigs?

    <p>Failure of incisors to erupt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suborder includes rodents like guinea pigs, chinchillas, degus, porcupines, and capybaras?

    <p>Hystricomorpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dental anatomy of a guinea pig?

    <p>Elodontomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods for rehydration in rodents prone to dehydration and negative energy balance?

    <p>Intravenous catheterization, intraosseous catheterization, subcutaneous fluids, oral fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration for the diet of degus to prevent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Preventing obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is intravenous catheterization difficult to place in rodents?

    <p>Due to their size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virus is associated with hepatic carcinomas in ground squirrels and prairie dogs?

    <p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the blood sampling sites for rodents, and when is anesthesia necessary for sampling?

    <p>Jugular, cephalic vein, femoral vein (blind technique), cranial vena cava. Anesthesia is necessary for cranial vena cava sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for placing intravenous catheterization in rodents?

    <p>Lateral tail vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suborder includes squirrels, prairie dogs, and chipmunks?

    <p>Sciuromorpha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of choice for slow rehydration in myomorphs when the gastrointestinal tract is functional?

    <p>Oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary causes of pododermatitis (bumblefoot) in guinea pigs?

    <p>Poor conditions, pressure sores on the feet, abnormal weight loading, irritants, or hypovitaminosis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical signs of chinchilla dental disease?

    <p>Massive coronal overgrowth and large spurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential treatments for dystocia in chinchillas?

    <p>Ultrasonography, manual assistance, medical treatment, or caesarian/ovariohysterectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the factors contributing to cystitis in guinea pigs?

    <p>Stress, dehydration, reduced mobility, high calcium and oxalate diet, or bacterial involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential causes of cheilitis in guinea pigs?

    <p>Acidic and abrasive diet, hypovitaminosis C, secondary bacterial or fungal infection, and pox viral involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ocular diseases observed in guinea pigs?

    <p>Subclinical lens abnormalities, cataracts, fatty/pea eye, heterotopic bone formation, keratitis, and microphthalmos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential dental disease susceptibility factors in degus?

    <p>Diet and husbandry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary factors contributing to diabetes mellitus in degus?

    <p>Transient hyperglycemia from an inappropriate diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of dental disease in guinea pigs?

    <p>Reduced appetite, grooming, weight loss, change in faeces, drooling, and ocular discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dermatophytosis diagnosed in guinea pigs?

    <p>Diagnosis of dermatophytosis involves microscopy and dermatophyte culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific condition associated with squirrels known as Elodontomas?

    <p>Elodontomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do we primarily see Elodontomas in rodents?

    <p>The erupting enamel of the incisors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes disruption in the erupting enamel of the incisors in rodents with Elodontomas?

    <p>Disruption in the erupting enamel of the incisors is caused by Elodontomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory disease are guinea pigs susceptible to?

    <p>Respiratory disease secondary to immunosuppression or bacterial irritants like ammonia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common endocrine disease in guinea pigs?

    <p>Cystic ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of persistent hyperglycaemia being less common in myomorphs?

    <p>Dietary adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of lens opacities and poor coping with hyperglycaemia in myomorphs?

    <p>Different enzymes within the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of spontaneous amyloidosis of islets in myomorphs?

    <p>CYTOMEGALOVIRUS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can intravenous catheterization be placed in rats for fluid therapy?

    <p>Lateral tail veins and femoral vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of choice for slow rehydration in myomorphs when the gastrointestinal tract is functional?

    <p>Oral fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the visible blood sampling site in rats distally?

    <p>Femoral vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is dental disease rarely a problem in myomorphs?

    <p>Molars are permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for dental disease in myomorphs?

    <p>Regular burring under anaesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of persistent hyperglycaemia being less common in myomorphs?

    <p>Controlled with dietary modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Prairie dogs and ground squirrels are rodent species that suffer from two common pathologies: elodontomas and hepatic carcinomas.

    • Elodontomas are commonly observed in ground squirrels and prairie dogs. They cause respiratory compromise by filling or compressing sinuses, leading to secondary infections in the upper respiratory tract and potential death. Treatment options include sinus trephination or extraction, but extraction is not recommended as a first surgery due to the extensive root structure of these tumors.

    • Ground squirrels and prairie dogs are overrepresented in hepatic carcinomas, which are associated with a species-specific HEPADNAVIRUS. The virus is identified through histopathology.

    • Hepatic carcinomas present as significant masses within the liver, abdominal distension, and potential signs of liver failure.

    • The Sciuromorpha suborder includes squirrels, prairie dogs, and chipmunks. Ground squirrels inhabit burrows in the ground, while flying squirrels are nocturnal and have adaptations for gliding.

    • Guinea pigs, chinchillas, degus, porcupines, capybaras belong to the Hystricomorpha suborder. They are typically from arid climates and have herbivorous diets, large, continuously erupting incisors, and hindgut fermentation.

    • Rodents are prone to dehydration and negative energy balance. Rehydration can be achieved through various methods including intravenous catheterization, intraosseous catheterization, subcutaneous fluids, and oral fluids.

    • Intravenous catheterization is difficult to place in rodents due to their size, with the cephalic vein being the primary site. Intraosseous catheterization is more appropriate for critical patients.

    • Blood sampling sites include the jugular, cephalic vein, femoral vein (blind technique), and cranial vena cava. Anesthesia is necessary for cranial vena cava sampling.

    • Trixacarus caviae (sarcoptic mite) causes skin disease in guinea pigs, which may be precipitated by stress, immunosuppression, or hypovitaminosis C.

    • Clinical signs include intense pruritus, mark skin inflammation, and abortion/foetal resorption in pregnant sows.

    • Diagnosis is made through deep skin scrapes.

    • Treatment involves administering Ivermectin to all affected animals and cleaning housing.

    • Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) is caused by poor conditions, pressure sores on the feet, abnormal weight loading, irritants, or hypovitaminosis C.

    • Clinical signs include erythema, swelling, and ulceration.

    • Treatment includes addressing husbandry factors, topical and systemic antibiosis, analgesia, and avoiding debridement.

    • Skin diseases in guinea pigs also include cystic ovaries, dermatophytosis, and ocular diseases.

    • Ocular diseases include subclinical lens abnormalities, cataracts, fatty/pea eye, heterotopic bone formation, keratitis, and microphthalmos.

    • Cystitis in guinea pigs can be caused by stress, dehydration, reduced mobility, high calcium and oxalate diet, or bacterial involvement.

    • Cystitis treatment includes analgesia, nutraceuticals, increased fluid intake, and managing underlying causes.

    • Cheilitis is caused by a multifactorial disease, including an acidic and abrasive diet, hypovitaminosis C, and secondary bacterial or fungal infection, and pox viral involvement.

    • Cheilitis treatment includes managing with antimicrobials based on cytology, dietary improvement, and topical emollients.

    • Chinchillas are susceptible to dental disease due to their dental anatomy and diet.

    • Chinchilla dental disease causes massive coronal overgrowth and large spurs.

    • Radiographs are essential for staging and ensuring adequate correction.

    • Dystocia in chinchillas is under-reported and can be managed with ultrasonography, manual assistance, medical treatment, or caesarian/ovariohysterectomy.

    • Degus are a docile, social, and under-rated pet.

    • Degus are susceptible to dental disease due to their diet and husbandry.

    • Degus can tolerate mild-moderate changes better than other herbivorous rodents.

    • Degus are prone to diabetes mellitus due to transient hyperglycemia from an inappropriate diet.

    • Guinea pigs have unique dental anatomy with one incisor pair, one premolar, and three molars in each quadrant.

    • They are prone to dental bridging, where their tongues get trapped, and dental diseases similar to rabbits.

    • Signs of dental disease include reduced appetite, grooming, weight loss, change in faeces, drooling, and ocular discharge.

    • Dental evaluation must be done under anaesthesia, and the guinea pig's mouth and cheek pouches need to be clear.

    • Objective evaluation of dental anatomy includes assessing maxillary apices (white line) and occlusal plane (yellow line).

    • Management of dental disease includes radiographic assessment, reshaping and shortening of crowns, gingival resection, pulpectomy (for mandibular pathology), analgesia, supportive feeding, and prophylactic Vitamin C.

    • Guinea pigs are susceptible to respiratory disease secondary to immunosuppression or bacterial irritants like ammonia, which can be prevented by good husbandry and keeping them separate from other species.

    • Common endocrine disease in guinea pigs is cystic ovaries, affecting both ovaries, and causing abdominal distension, discomfort, and non-pruritic flank alopecia.

    • Dermatophytosis, caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes, is common in guinea pigs with 6-14% being asymptomatic carriers, and clinical disease presents as alopecia, non-pruritic scaling, and mild eythema.

    • Diagnosis of dermatophytosis involves microscopy and dermatophyte culture, while treatment includes topical enilconazole or miconazole, oral terbinafine and itraconazole, and sand bath treatment in chinchillas.

    • Dermatophytosis is difficult to eliminate in large groups, and sand baths are essential for chinchilla grooming and bathing.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the considerations for cranial vena cava blood sampling in guinea pigs, including the necessity of anaesthesia, the possibility of large volumes, and the social and reproductive aspects of this species.

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