Growth Hormone & Exercise Quiz
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What is one of the primary roles of growth hormone in the body?

  • Reduces fat metabolism
  • Increases carbohydrate breakdown
  • Decreases protein synthesis
  • Promotes cell division and cellular proliferation (correct)

    • Which factor most likely stimulates the release of growth hormone?

  • Increased fat metabolism
  • Insulin-like growth factors
  • GH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus (correct)
  • High levels of plasma glucose

    • How does exercise affect growth hormone levels?

  • It lowers GH levels during recovery
  • It has no effect on GH levels in sedentary individuals
  • It causes an acute increase in GH levels (correct)
  • It decreases GH levels in trained individuals

    • What is a noted effect of exogenous human growth hormone (HGH) on muscle hypertrophy?

    <p>Its effects on muscle hypertrophy are unclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique pattern is observed in growth hormone levels between trained and sedentary individuals after exercise?

    <p>Sedentary individuals maintain higher GH levels for longer during recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lipolysis during endurance exercise?

    <p>To mobilize free fatty acids for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT involved in stimulating lipolysis?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids called?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is activated during lipolysis to stimulate hormone-sensitive lipase?

    <p>Cyclic AMP Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During fat metabolism, what happens to triglycerides stored in adipose tissue?

    <p>They are broken down into free fatty acids and transported to muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate?

    <p>Glycogenolysis and lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors increase heart rate and contractility?

    <p>Beta receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do catecholamine levels change with exercise intensity?

    <p>Increase abruptly with onset and correlate with intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary release percentage of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the sympathetic nervous system play during exercise?

    <p>Releases catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to catecholamine levels during prolonged moderate intensity exercise?

    <p>They gradually fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is associated with alpha receptors?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological role do beta receptors play in the body?

    <p>Increase glycolysis and glycogenolysis in muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cortisol in the body?

    <p>Maintain blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating sperm production in males?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in blood flow changes during exercise?

    <p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol affect the body at a physiological level?

    <p>It aids in gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Corticosteroids and DHEA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does testosterone have when large muscle group exercises are performed?

    <p>Increases serum total testosterone concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What roles do estrogens play in the female body?

    <p>Regulate ovulation and menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about male and female hormones?

    <p>There are distinct male and female hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur due to high levels of growth hormone in adulthood?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are primarily synthesized in the liver in response to growth hormone stimulation?

    <p>IGF-I and IGF-II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is NOT associated with the action of IGFs in the body?

    <p>Decreased DNA transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland?

    <p>Thyrotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of catecholamines during the 'Fight or Flight' response?

    <p>Enhance sympathetic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is primarily secreted by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of hormones fits functionally into mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some effects of Growth Hormone (GH) on muscle tissue?

    <p>Increased strength and size of skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T3 and T4 in the body?

    <p>Increase metabolic rates of all tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is exercise more effective for increasing overall testosterone concentrations in men?

    <p>Later in the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the (a) exercise protocol from the (b) protocol regarding testosterone response?

    <p>(b) requires more total work volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the diurnal variations of testosterone levels in women?

    <p>Testosterone levels are consistently low with little variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about anabolic steroids is misleading?

    <p>Most side effects are not reversible upon cessation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a true statement about testosterone precursors (prohormones)?

    <p>They may present higher risks for adverse side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about anabolic steroid research?

    <p>It predominantly relies on anecdotal evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected outcome of using anabolic steroids under medical supervision?

    <p>Potential for fewer side effects compared to unsupervised use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism in Exercise

    • Hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism during exercise.
    • Acute responses to exercise affect hormones like epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and glucose.
    • Exercise's chronic adaptations also affect hormones.
    • Major endocrine glands involved in metabolic regulation include the anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.
    • The hormones released by these glands specifically impact carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise.

    Responses to Exercise

    • Understanding acute and chronic responses to exercise is key to understanding the hormonal mechanisms involved.
    • Acute responses are immediate reactions to exercise. Example hormonal changes, such as changes in epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and glucose, as observed within 1-3 hours of exercise.
    • Chronic adaptations are long-term changes in the body's response to exercise training over weeks, months or years, affecting various hormonal systems
    • These responses are crucial to the hormones chapter to clarify what are the hormonal changes before and after an exercise and why are these changes important.

    Acute Hormonal Responses

    • Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol levels rise sharply during exercise.
    • Glucose levels increase.
    • Changes in the graph display the hormonal response to exercise over a period of time, showing the different levels produced in hours or minutes.

    Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Exercise

    • Major endocrine glands control metabolic regulation: anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas.
    • The hormones released from these glands influence metabolic rates and carbohydrate/fat metabolism during exercise.

    Pituitary Hormones and Downstream Effects

    • The pituitary gland is connected to the base of the hypothalamus.
    • It's divided into three parts: anterior, intermediate, and posterior.
    • The hypothalamus and pituitary hormones are involved in restoring homeostasis during and after training
    • Exercise causes a stress response, detected by the hypothalamus, and triggers the pituitary to release hormones.

    Anterior Pituitary Gland

    • The anterior pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus.
    • It releases six specialized polypeptide hormones
    • Hormones of interest, in response to hypothalamic releasing factors, are involved in stimulating various body functions
    • Exercise causes stress, sensed by the hypothalamus to release hormones for homeostasis.

    Anterior Pituitary Hormones

    • The anterior pituitary releases six polypeptide hormones including releasing factors.
    • Neural signals to the hypothalamus regulate the release of these factors in response to exercise, stress and anxiety.
    • The hormones include various factors like growth hormone, gonadotropin hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and others.
    • These hormones play various important roles in organs

    Growth Hormone

    • Growth hormone (GH) is an anabolic hormone released by the anterior pituitary
    • GH promotes cell division, and tissue growth
    • Resting/normal levels are higher in women.
    • Exercise stimulates GH release because it's a potent anabolic agent.

    Growth Hormone Actions

    • GH stimulates protein synthesis, and promotes cell growth
    • GH impacts skeletal effects
    • GH contributes to the regulation of glucose, and promotes other metabolic responses to exercise

    Growth Hormone and Tissue Synthesis

    • Exercise increases growth hormone, with higher intensity/stress causing a greater increase.
    • Exercise benefits muscle, bone, and connective tissue.
    • Exercise preserves blood glucose levels.
    • Exogenous HGH effects on muscle hypertrophy are not clear.
    • There's some evidence it benefits connective tissue repair, yet its use in sports is now illegal.

    Growth Hormone Regulation

    • Trained and untrained people have similar increases in growth hormone.
    • Untrained people maintain high GH levels for longer than those who have been trained in exercise.
    • There are no chronic effects of exercise training on resting levels.
    • High GH levels in adults can lead to acromegaly or gigantism

    Insulin-Like Growth Factors

    • IGFs mediate many GH effects, acting as primary stimulators of hypertrophy
    • In response to GH, the liver synthesizes IGF-I and IGF-II peptides.
    • IGFs are carried in blood attached to binding proteins, releasing to interact with receptors.
    • They play a role in increasing protein synthesis, and amino acid transport.

    Thyroid Gland

    • The anterior pituitary releases thyrotropin (TSH).
    • Exercise stimulates TSH release.
    • TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4.
    • T3 and T4 are amine hormones that bind to intracellular receptors.
    • T3 and T4 activities and function include increasing metabolic rates, protein synthesis, and the function of mitochondria.

    Adrenal Hormones

    • The adrenal glands have two parts:
    • Medulla releases catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) to prolong sympathetic responses.
    • Cortex secretes steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids)

    Catecholamines

    • They're an essential part of the 'fight-or-flight' response.
    • Catecholamines are amine hormones (epinephrine/norepinephrine), acting through 2nd messengers, enhancing various physiological responses like glycogenolysis and lipolysis.

    Adrenal Medulla

    • Releases catecholamines (primarily epinephrine).
    • Exercise elevates sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to increased epinephrine and norepinephrine release.

    Catecholamines and Exercise

    • Catecholamine levels rise sharply with the onset of exercise, correlating with exercise intensity.
    • Levels decrease during prolonged, moderate-intensity exercise.
    • Exercise training diminishes the body's catecholamine response overtime.

    Adrenergic Receptors

    • Receptor types determine cells' response to hormones.
    • Alpha (α) and beta (β) adrenergic receptors are two classes that influence the body's response.
    • Alpha receptors primarily cause vasoconstriction.
    • Beta receptors lead to vasodilation, bronchodilation, and increased heart rate.

    Adrenal Cortex

    • The adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids. The most important glucocorticoid is cortisol, activating gluconeogenesis, a key function to maintain blood glucose.
    • Cortisol acts as an anti-inflammatory substance and suppresses anti-immune reactions.

    Gonadocorticoids

    • The adrenal cortex releases small amounts of gonadocorticoids.
    • The most important one is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
    • These have similar effects to testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

    Gonadal Hormones

    • Testosterone is the main androgen. It plays an important role in the development of male secondary characteristics.
    • Estrogen helps to regulate ovulation and menstrual cycles, as well as physiological adjustments during pregnancy.
    • Progesterone regulates the reproductive cycle, uterine smooth muscle action, and lactation.

    Testosterone

    • The primary androgen hormone that interacts with skeletal muscle tissue.
    • Intense or high volume exercises can lead to increases in serum testosterone.
    • Exercise in the later part of the day is more effective for increasing overall testosterone in men.
    • Women have lower concentrations without much variation throughout the day.

    Serum Testosterone Responses to Exercise

    • Male and females have different serum responses to exercise.
    • There are different protocols for exercise intensity between males and females.
    • Both protocols can effectively increase serum levels of testosterone

    Prohormones

    • Prohormones are precursors to testosterone.
    • There is limited evidence supporting notable ergogenic improvements from prohormone use.
    • Prohormones could have adverse side effects similar to anabolic steroids.
    • Example prohormones: androstenedione and DHEA.

    Lipid Metabolism

    • Lipolysis, the breakdown of fats into fatty acids, is important during prolonged endurance exercise when glycogen stores are depleted.
    • Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is the key enzyme, stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and growth hormone.

    Regulation of Fat Metabolism During Exercise

    • Fat mobilization and metabolism are critical for endurance exercise.
    • Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, then transported to muscles for energy.
    • Lipolysis is stimulated by cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and growth hormone.

    Regulation of Fat Metabolism During Exercise

    • Lipolysis is stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, and to a lesser extent, cortisol, all via cAMP pathway.
    • This pathway activates Hormone-Sensitive Lipase (HSL), which breaks triglycerides down into glycerol and free fatty acids for use in energy production.

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    Hormones And Exercise PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about the role of growth hormone in the body, its stimulation triggers, and its effects on muscle development. This quiz also explores how exercise influences growth hormone levels in both trained and sedentary individuals. Perfect for students in physiology or health sciences.

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