Week 3 Pt1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for monitoring and studying growth and development?

  • To predict future health outcomes.
  • To identify and diagnose potential developmental problems. (correct)
  • To create standardized physical activity guidelines.
  • To understand the genetics behind growth patterns.

    • What is the definition of growth?

  • The increase in size of an organism over time.
  • The process of cell division and differentiation.
  • The progressive development of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity, including increases in size. (correct)
  • The accumulation of body mass.

    • What is the main difference in growth between boys and girls from birth to maturity?

  • Boys reach 50 percent of their adult height at an earlier age.
  • Girls grow up faster than girls.
  • Girls reach 50 percent of their adult height at an earlier age. (correct)
  • Boys grow up faster than girls.

    • What does the text suggest about the importance of studying growth and development in relation to movement curricula?

    <p>It allows for the creation of developmentally appropriate movement curricula and programming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is used to derive a growth curve from a single individual or from repeated measurements on the same group of individuals over a period of many years?

    <p>Longitudinal data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an aspect of growth, as described in the text?

    <p>Development of cognitive abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does combining measurements from several children on the same graph affect the adolescent growth spurt?

    <p>It smooths out the adolescent growth spurt and makes it less dramatic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the peak velocity in bone mineral content occur for both boys and girls?

    <p>One year after peak height velocity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point illustrated by the images of the human embryo at different stages of development?

    <p>Growth involves a series of changes beyond simply increasing in size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average range of age for the peak height velocity in girls?

    <p>9.5 to 13.5 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mean growth takeoff age in children in North America growing at an average rate?

    <p>9 ± 1 year in girls and 11 ± 1.5 years in boys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight increase during the growth spurt for boys?

    <p>20 kg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate height gain during the adolescent growth spurt for boys?

    <p>20 cm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of "differentiation" as it relates to growth?

    <p>The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding growth and development important for creating developmentally appropriate movement programs?

    <p>To ensure activities are tailored to the specific developmental stage of children. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which approximate age is the peak height velocity in girls?

    <p>11.5 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why boys are typically taller than girls?

    <p>Boys have two more years of prepubertal growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'growth curve' refer to?

    <p>A graph that shows the change in height over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of studying growth and development?

    <p>To identify and diagnose problems in those who are not developing typically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age range for the peak height velocity in boys?

    <p>11.5 to 15.5 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do boys typically reach their final height, based on cross-sectional studies in the USA?

    <p>17 - 18 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional data in the context of growth curves?

    <p>Longitudinal data tracks a single individual over time, while cross-sectional data compares different individuals at a specific point in time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much does the weight of a person typically increase from birth to maturity?

    <p>20 fold increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of head height to total height in an adult?

    <p>1:7.5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body grows faster in adolescence?

    <p>Facial bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the onset of menstruation?

    <p>Menarche (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting an individual's growth pattern and final height?

    <p>Genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average age of menarche in North America?

    <p>12.2 - 13 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "sexual dimorphism" refer to?

    <p>The differences in size and shape between males and females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does malnutrition affect growth?

    <p>Malnutrition can delay growth and affect final adult height. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contribute to the upward trend in adult height observed since 1880?

    <p>Improved nutrition and a decrease in disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what stage of growth does the relationship between different body parts change?

    <p>All stages of growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in growth patterns between early and late maturing boys, as described in the text?

    <p>Early maturing boys reach peak growth velocity before late maturing boys. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic?

    <p>Bone growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the timing of growth spurts affect athletic performance in boys?

    <p>Late maturing boys often experience a disadvantage in sports requiring strength and size in adolescence but may catch up later. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the limb grows faster in the later stages of adolescent growth?

    <p>The peripheral part of the limb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of season and climate on growth?

    <p>Children grow faster in height during the summer than in the winter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a difference in growth patterns between races mentioned in the text?

    <p>Skin pigmentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the growth of the brain in relation to the body?

    <p>The brain reaches its adult weight before the body reaches half its adult weight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that distinguishes infancy from the neonatal period?

    <p>Increased coordination and mental development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, which population group tends to mature earlier, on average, in terms of skeletal age and dental maturity?

    <p>African children (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of postnatal growth are the reproductive organs said to be at less than 10% of their final weight?

    <p>Childhood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of the neonatal period?

    <p>The period from birth to the end of four weeks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate age range when puberty typically begins for boys?

    <p>9-11 years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the maximum physical stature of an individual?

    <p>Genetics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what stage of postnatal growth does a growth spurt typically occur?

    <p>Childhood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor determining an adult's maximum physical stature?

    <p>Bone mineral content during adolescence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Human Growth

    Progressive development from infancy to maturity including size increases.

    Monitoring Growth

    Tracking growth to identify and address developmental issues.

    Postnatal Growth Stages

    Different phases of growth after birth, including infancy and adolescence.

    Distance vs Velocity Curves

    Distance curves show total growth, while velocity curves show growth rate over time.

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    Menarche

    The first occurrence of menstruation, marking a key female growth milestone.

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    Indices of Maturity

    Measurements used to assess and categorize growth and physical development.

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    Factors Influencing Growth

    Elements like nutrition, genetics, and environment that impact human growth.

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    Body Proportions Changes

    Alterations in body shape and ratios as a person grows, such as limb lengthening.

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    Nature of Growth

    Growth rates vary among body parts; proportions change over time.

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    Brain Growth Percentages

    At birth, the brain is 24% of adult weight; reaches 90% by age 5.

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    Neonatal Period

    The first four weeks of life post-birth characterized by initial growth.

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    Infancy

    From 4 weeks to 2 years, marked by rapid growth and development.

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    Childhood

    Period from age 2 until adolescence, steady growth until preadolescence.

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    Adolescence

    Growth phase between childhood and adulthood, begins around ages 9-11.

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    Adulthood

    Stage of life after adolescence where maximum physical growth is achieved.

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    Growth Spurts

    Rapid increases in size during specific developmental stages, notably in childhood and adolescence.

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    Peak bone mineral density

    The highest amount of bone mineralization achieved during adolescence, typically in the early to late twenties.

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    Growth during adolescence

    Significant bone mineral is deposited during the adolescent years around peak height velocity.

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    Shape of the infant

    Infants have a large head relative to their total height, with a 1:4 ratio compared to 1:7.5 in adults.

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    Change in body proportions

    The ratios of body parts change as a person grows, with the head and limbs developing at different rates.

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    Puberty

    The developmental stage marking the maturation of reproductive organs and sexual characteristics.

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    Sexual dimorphism

    Differences in physical characteristics between males and females, particularly during puberty.

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    Bone growth changes

    The face grows faster than the cranial vault during adolescence, leading to shape changes.

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    Growth Curves

    Graphs showing changes in height or growth rate over time.

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    Longitudinal Data

    Measurements from one individual or group over many years.

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    Cross-sectional Data

    Measurements of different individuals in various age groups taken at one time.

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    Adolescent Growth Spurt

    Rapid increase in height during adolescence, varying among individuals.

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    Mean Growth Takeoff Age

    Average age when growth acceleration starts in children.

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    Peak Height Velocity

    The age at which a child grows the fastest in height.

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    Height Difference Between Genders

    Girls generally grow faster than boys during childhood and adolescence.

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    Growth Measurements

    Height measurements at different ages to monitor growth patterns.

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    Peak Height Velocity (PHV)

    The fastest rate of growth in height during puberty, varies by sex.

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    Variability in Growth Timing

    Significant differences in maturation timing can exist between individuals.

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    Final Heights

    Girls reach final height by 14-15 years, boys by 17-18 years.

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    Height Growth Difference

    Boys outgrow girls due to two extra years of growth before puberty.

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    Weight Growth Spurt

    During growth spurts, boys gain approximately 20 kg, girls 16 kg.

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    Bone Mineral Content (BMC)

    Refers to the mineral density in bones, important for bone strength.

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    Osteoporosis

    A condition leading to weak and brittle bones, often due to decreased mineral content.

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    Calcium and Vitamin D

    Essential nutrients to support healthy bone mineral content during growth.

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    Late Maturing Boys

    Boys who mature physically at a slower rate compared to peers.

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    Genetic Control

    The influence of genetics on growth rates and body shape.

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    Nutrition Impact on Growth

    Malnutrition can delay physical growth and development.

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    Secular Trends in Growth

    Long-term trends indicating increases in average height over decades.

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    Seasonal Influence on Growth

    Growth rates can vary depending on the season; faster in spring and summer.

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    Racial Growth Differences

    Variations exist between populations in growth tempo and body proportions.

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    Early Maturing Boys

    Boys who develop faster than peers, leading to initial advantages.

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    Growth Recovery after Starvation

    Children can recover from acute malnutrition if conditions are not severe.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology - Growth and Development

    • Growth is the progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity, including increases in size.
    • Monitoring growth and development can identify problems in those who are not developing typically.
    • Studying growth helps create developmentally appropriate movement curricula and programming.
    • Growth is more than adding material; it involves differentiation of body parts for specific functions.
    • Not all parts of the human body grow at the same rate, nor do they all stop growing simultaneously.
    • Body proportions and relative weights of tissues/organs change throughout growth.
    • The brain at birth is 24% of adult weight, while the neonatal body is 6% of adult weight.
    • Extremely rapid brain growth continues, reaching 90% of adult weight by 5 years old, but body weight is only 25% of adult weight by that age.
    • Reproductive organs remain at less than 10% of their final weight until puberty.
    • The five stages of postnatal growth are: neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

    Stages of Postnatal Growth

    • Neonatal period (birth to 4 weeks): first four weeks.
    • Infancy (4 weeks to 2 years): characterized by tremendous growth, increased coordination, and mental development.
    • Childhood (2 years to adolescence): growth and development extending from infancy to adolescence; a period of steady growth until preadolescence when a growth spurt occurs. The chronological duration varies due to differences in puberty onset.
    • Adolescence (9-11 years to 17-18 years): growth and development period involving growth from childhood to adulthood. Boys typically start around age 11, and girls around 9. The end is roughly around age 17-18, although it's not clearly defined.
    • Adulthood: period beyond adolescence wherein maximum physical stature is reached, determined by factors such as genetics, nutrition, and environmental influences.

    Growth in Height and Weight

    • Growth Curves:

      • Distance curve: Measures height vs. time, plotting measurements over intervals to show growth progress.
      • Velocity curve: Measures change in height/year vs. time or growth increments over time to show variation in growth rate.
      • Data collection methods:
        • Longitudinal: Repeated measurements on the same group or individual over a long period.
        • Cross-sectional: Measurements of several children in each age group combined to show community picture at the time of investigation.

    • Growth in Height:

      • Girls reach 50% of adult height at a generally earlier age (1.75 vs. 2.0 years), enter puberty earlier, and cease growing earlier than boys.
      • Before the adolescent growth spurt, little height difference exists between boys and girls.
      • The mean growth takeoff age (onset of acceleration) in North America is generally 9 ± 1 years for girls and 11 ± 1.5 years for boys
      • Girls tend to gain ~16 cm and boys around 20 cm during the growth spurt.
      • Maximum growth velocity occurs in boys around 13.5 years and in girls around 11.5 years.
      • Boys are usually taller than girls because they have two more years of growth before their growth spurt.

    • Growth in Weight:

      • Ovum weight (0.005 milligrams) to birth: 3 x 10⁹ fold increase.
      • Birth weight (approx 7.5 lbs) to maturity (20 years) shows a 20 fold increase.
      • Birth to age 2: 4 fold increase; after which, a steady increase of 2-3 kg/year continues until the growth spurt.
      • The peak velocity in weight gain lags behind the height gain by about 3 months.

    Bone Mineral Content & Osteoporosis

    • Osteoporosis is a condition marked by decreased mineral content in bones, making them brittle and susceptible to fracture.
    • Peak bone mineral velocity occurs approximately one year after peak height velocity, suggesting a potentially relevant transient period of bone weakness.
    • Adolescent skeletal maturation has a correlation with fracture risk potentially due to the time delay from peak height velocity. Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are important for healthy bone development.

    Changes in Body Proportions & Composition

    • Body proportions are not consistent; they change with age.
    • Infant's head is proportionally larger (head height:total height = 1:4), while legs are less developed than arms (leg length:total height = 1:3).
    • Infant proportions change gradually through growth with peripheral limbs developing before central parts (foot-->calf-->thigh).
    • During the adolescent spurt, growth tends to be lateral rather than linear.
    • Facial bones grow faster than the cranium.

    Puberty

    • Puberty is the period where the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics rapidly develop, including an enlargement of the testes, prostate gland, seminal vesicles (in males), or breasts, uterus, and vagina (in females).
    • Puberty signifies the most striking sexual differentiation.
    • Menarche, the onset of menstruation, occurs relatively late in puberty, with an average age around 12.2-13 years in North America, and a standard deviation of one year from this average.
    • Height velocity declines around the time of menarche.
    • The development of mature ova occurs around the same time as menarche.
    • Puberty is not complete until sexual maturity has been attained in females.

    Indices of Maturity

    • Chronological age is not a good measure of maturity.
    • Different maturity indicators (radiological, dental, growth curves, sexual, neural) may not correlate.

    Skeletal Age

    • Radiographic recordings of bone development, such as in the wrist and hand, can precisely identify maturity stages.
    • Radiological age usually precedes chronological age, especially in girls, by approximately 20%.

    Dental Age

    • Deciduous (baby) teeth erupt from age 6 months to two years; can serve as temporary maturity markers.
    • Permanent teeth are used to assess maturity from age 6 to 13 years.
    • Skeletal and dental ages are often not strongly related.

    Growth Curve

    • Timing of peak height and weight velocity serve as indicators of maturity development.

    Sexual Age

    • Stages of pubic hair, breast, and genital development are used to rate maturational development.
    • Tanner stages classify development.

    Early/Late Maturing Children

    • Five types of skeletal development identified: average, early tall, early genetically tall, late small, late genetically short.
    • Early maturation can correlate positively with higher scores on mental ability tests relative to less mature peers.

    Factors influencing Growth and Maturation

    • Genetic control: Studies showing similarities in body shape and growth patterns among twins imply an important role of heredity.
    • Nutrition: Malnutrition delays growth, and even relatively mild malnutrition affects proportions.
    • Secular trends: Average height in North Americans and Western Europeans has increased over time (1.0cm per decade).
    • Season/climate: Height growth appears to be greater in spring and summer. Weight gain appears to be greater during autumn.
    • **Race:**Slight differences in average growth and development rates exist among different racial groups.

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    Growth and Development PDF

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    Test your knowledge on growth and development concepts. This quiz covers definitions, differences in growth between genders, and the significance of studying growth in movement curricula. Dive into the details of growth patterns and measurements to enhance your understanding.

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