Growth and Development in Plants
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Questions and Answers

What is determinative growth in plants?

  • Growth that is reversible and temporary.
  • Growth that occurs only in response to environmental changes.
  • Continuous growth throughout the plant's life.
  • Growth that occurs in one season and ends with death. (correct)

    • Which plant hormone is primarily involved in delaying abscission?

  • Auxins (correct)
  • Gibberellins
  • Abscisic Acid
  • Cytokinins

    • What type of movements do plants exhibit in response to variations in growth rates?

  • Growth movements (correct)
  • Turgor movements
  • Nastic movements
  • Taxic movements

    • What is the effect of short-day conditions on short-day plants?

    <p>They flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is involved in the breakdown of cell components leading to senescence?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigments are responsible for controlling photoperiodism in plants?

    <p>Phytochromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of lower night temperatures on plant growth?

    <p>Increase in sugar content and root growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dormancy in plants refer to?

    <p>Inactivity even under favorable conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes indeterminate growth in plants from determinate growth?

    <p>Indeterminate growth exhibits ongoing activity for many years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of cytokinins in plant development?

    <p>Cytokinins stimulate cell division and delay aging of leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nutrient deficiencies typically affect plant growth?

    <p>They cause impaired development and tissue differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes turgor movements in plants?

    <p>Movements caused by changes in internal water pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do phytochromes play in plant physiology?

    <p>They control photoperiodism through light absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of auxins in plant growth?

    <p>To support root initiation and stem growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dormancy in plants differ from quiescence?

    <p>Quiescence allows for growth during periods of favorable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about environmental factors affecting plant growth is accurate?

    <p>Nutrients, temperatures, and light conditions all significantly influence growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of apical dominance in plant growth?

    <p>Suppression of lateral bud growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for promoting fruit ripening?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of senescence in plants?

    <p>Breakdown of cell components leading to cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes the plant's non-directional response to external stimuli?

    <p>Nastic movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding photoperiodism in plants?

    <p>Long-day plants flower when day lengths exceed a specific duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone inhibits the actions of other hormones and helps regulate water loss?

    <p>Abscisic Acid (ABA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily the result of turgor movements in plants?

    <p>Alterations in internal water pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the thermoperiod for optimal plant growth?

    <p>Continuous exposure to sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes dormancy from quiescence in plants?

    <p>Dormancy occurs under unfavorable conditions, while quiescence occurs under favorable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Growth and Development in Plants

    • Growth: Irreversible increase in mass from cell division and enlargement.
    • Determinate Growth: Plants complete their growth during a single season and then die.
    • Indeterminate Growth: Plants or plant parts continue growing and remain active for years.
    • Differentiation: Specialized cell forms develop for distinct functions.
    • Development: Coordinated growth and differentiation into tissues and organs, influenced by genes and environment.

    Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones

    • Nutrients: Provide energy and elements for growth, obtained from air and soil.
    • Vitamins: Organic molecules in small quantities that aid in catalyzed reactions.
    • Hormones: Produced in growing regions, active in small amounts, involved in signal transduction pathways.

    Plant Hormones

    • Five Major Classes:
      • Auxins: Promote cell enlargement, stem growth, root initiation, and delay leaf drop (abscission).
      • Gibberellins (GAs): Increase stem growth, induce flowering, and break dormancy.
      • Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division and delay leaf aging.
      • Abscisic Acid (ABA): Inhibits other hormones, assists in water loss responses.
      • Ethylene: Promotes fruit ripening and leaf abscission.

    Hormonal Interactions

    • Apical Dominance: Terminal bud inhibits lateral bud growth.
    • Senescence: Breakdown of cell components leading to cell death, regulated by various hormones.

    Plant Movements

    • Growth Movements: Result from differing growth rates in plant parts.
      • Nutations: Spiraling movements.
      • Nodding Movements: Side-to-side oscillations.
      • Twining Movements: Visible spiraling growth.
      • Nastic Movements: Non-directional movements.
    • Turgor Movements: Result from internal water pressure changes.
      • Pulvini: Leaf base swellings causing movements.
    • Taxic Movements: Whole plant or cells move toward or away from stimuli (e.g., light, chemicals).

    Photoperiodism

    • Photoperiodism: Response to day/night length.
      • Short-Day Plants: Flower when days are shorter than a critical length.
      • Long-Day Plants: Flower when days are longer than a critical length.
      • Day-Neutral Plants: Flower regardless of day length.

    Phytochromes and Cryptochromes

    • Phytochromes: Pigments controlling photoperiodism, existing in two forms:
      • Pr (absorbs red light)
      • Pfr (absorbs far-red light)
    • Cryptochromes: Blue light-sensitive pigments involved in circadian rhythms.

    Temperature and Growth

    • Thermoperiod: Optimum night and day temperatures for plant growth.
    • Lower night temperatures can increase sugar content and root growth.

    Dormancy and Quiescence

    • Dormancy: Growth inactivity despite favorable conditions.
    • Quiescence: Seed cannot germinate without specific environmental conditions.
    • Stratification: Artificially breaking seed dormancy.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating processes of growth and development in plants, including determinate and indeterminate growth, differentiation of cells, and the vital role of nutrients and hormones. Discover how these factors influence plant health and behavior.

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