Growth and Development in Children
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Questions and Answers

What typically characterizes a hematoma in the context of bone injury?

  • Collection of synovial fluid within joints
  • Localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels (correct)
  • Localized collection of blood within blood vessels
  • Formation of new bone tissue

What is a common reason that fractures are more prevalent in toddlers compared to infants?

  • Toddlers have more flexible bones than infants.
  • Fractures are generally more serious in infants.
  • Infants lack mobility and experience fewer falls. (correct)
  • Toddlers are less likely to explore their environment.

Which type of fracture reduction involves a surgical procedure?

  • Immobilization
  • Open reduction (correct)
  • Passive range of motion
  • Closed reduction

What is a characteristic symptom of a stress fracture?

<p>Localized chronic pain with focal tenderness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of callus formation during bone healing?

<p>To form a provisional structure that supports the fracture site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication may arise from swelling after a bone injury?

<p>Compartment syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily allowance of calcium for adolescents to help prevent stress fractures?

<p>1500 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of bone healing involves the replacement of the provisional callus?

<p>Consolidation and remodeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended drug dosing based on Tanner stage for individuals in Tanner stage 3-5?

<p>Adult dose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for the use of surgical procedures involving fusing vertebrae along the curve of the spine?

<p>Cobb's angle greater than 45 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of spinal surgery involving the use of instrumentation?

<p>Nerve damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for females undergoing Efavirenz (NNRTI) treatment to receive patient education?

<p>To inform them of its teratogenic effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brace types is not effective for treating scoliosis?

<p>Spine-Core (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected compliance increase for wearing braces in scoliosis treatment for curves less than 35 degrees?

<p>20% to 25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consideration for immunizations in individuals with low CD4 counts?

<p>Only live vaccinations should be given (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of bone healing occurs when a fracture is stabilized by soft tissue and begins to form a callus?

<p>Callus formation stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with spinal surgery?

<p>Improved bone density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment protocol used for a child with clubfoot until maximum corrections are achieved?

<p>Serial casting for a period of 8-12 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of overcorrection during the serial casting process?

<p>Development of rocker bottom foot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing diagnosis is associated with a risk for delayed motor development in a child with musculoskeletal issues?

<p>Impaired physical mobility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of injury involves the complete displacement of adjoining bones at a joint?

<p>Dislocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines a fracture's delayed union complication?

<p>Fracture takes longer than expected to heal but still progresses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method should be employed as an initial treatment for soft tissue injuries?

<p>RICE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a Salter-Harris fracture?

<p>Fracture along the growth plate without bone involvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is characterized by damage to both nerves and blood vessels near the site of a fracture?

<p>Neurovascular injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the healing process of bones in children compare to that in adults?

<p>Children experience a thicker periosteum which aids faster healing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for a child to wear a Denis Browne splint after correction of clubfoot?

<p>23 hours a day for the first 3 months, then while napping or overnight until 4 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hematoma

A localized collection of blood outside blood vessels, caused by trauma.

Cellular Proliferation (bone)

Bone cells multiply rapidly during fracture healing.

Callus Formation

Temporary tissue that envelops a broken bone during healing.

Ossification

New bone forms to replace callus.

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Consolidation & Remodeling

Normal bone replaces the callus, healing is complete.

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Clavicle Fracture

The most common broken bone in children.

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Infant Fracture vs Toddler Fracture

Infants have flexible bones, toddlers have more mobility and increased risk of falls.

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Stress Fracture

Overuse injury, chronic pain in a specific bone area.

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Stress Fracture Symptoms

Chronic pain, focal tenderness, immobility, possible deformity, swelling, etc.

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Stress Fracture Diagnosis

Diagnosis often confirmed through X-rays.

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Closed Reduction

Non-surgical realignment of a fractured bone.

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Open Reduction

Surgical realignment of a fractured bone.

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Compartment Syndrome

Swelling in a muscle compartment, often caused by trauma or immobilization.

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Serial Casting for Clubfoot

A treatment for clubfoot that uses casts adjusted over several weeks to gradually correct the deformity.

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Overcorrection (Clubfoot)

Correcting a clubfoot too much, potentially causing an overstretched Achilles tendon (rocker bottom foot).

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Denis Browne Splint

A corrective shoe used after serial casting for clubfoot to maintain correction.

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Surgical Intervention (Clubfoot)

A last resort treatment for clubfoot if serial casting is unsuccessful, typically performed between 3-12 months.

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Sprain

A severe trauma to a joint causing a ligament to be partially or completely torn.

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Strain

Injury to the muscle near the musculotendinous junction from strong muscle contraction.

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Dislocation

Complete displacement of bones forming a joint.

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Subluxation

Partial or incomplete dislocation of bones in a joint.

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Salter Harris Fracture

A fracture through the growth plate of a long bone.

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Contusion

Damage to soft tissue, subcutaneous structure and muscle.

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RICE

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.

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Fat Embolism

A complication after crush injuries to long bones, characterized by signs in the lungs.

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Malunion

Fracture healing with bone in the wrong position.

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Delayed Union

Slowed fracture healing progress.

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Leg Length Discrepancy

Difference in lengths of the two legs.

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HIV Diagnosis Awareness

A significant portion (50%) of individuals with HIV are unaware of their diagnosis.

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HIV Diagnosis in Adolescents

Rates of undiagnosed HIV infection are four times higher in 13-19 year olds.

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Annual HIV Screening

Routine screening for HIV is recommended at least annually for individuals aged 13-64, especially those at higher risk.

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HIV Treatment Dosing (Tanner Stage)

HIV treatment dosages differ based on the patient's Tanner stage of puberty (1-5).

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HIV Treatment Dosing (Tanner 1-2)

Pediatric doses of HIV medication are used for Tanner stages 1 and 2.

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HIV Treatment Dosing (Tanner 3-5)

Adult doses of HIV medication are used for Tanner stages 3-5.

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HIV Treatment (Perinatal)

HIV treatment considerations include those with perinatally acquired HIV infections, as well as new infections.

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HIV Treatment (Pregnancy)

Specific considerations are necessary for pregnant women with HIV, particularly regarding Efavirenz usage.

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HIV Treatment (Efavirenz)

Efavirenz, an NNRTI, is often considered in HIV treatment, but precautions are needed, during pregnancy.

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HIV Treatment Adherence

Consistent HIV medication adherence is crucial for positive outcomes, impacting growth and development.

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HIV Treatment Transition of Care

A smooth transition from pediatric to adult HIV care is essential for continued treatment success.

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HIV Immunizations

Individuals with HIV should only receive live vaccines if their CD4 count is above a certain threshold.

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Clubfoot (Most Frequent)

The information provided does not state the most frequent form of clubfoot.

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Study Notes

Growth and Development in Children

  • Brain growth is most rapid in utero, continuing until 2-3 years.
  • Factors potentially affecting brain growth include cranial radiation and lead exposure.
  • Brain fully develops by 25 years old.
  • Pre-frontal cortex and amygdala develop until 21.
  • Cephocaudal growth (head to toe), and proximodistal development (general pattern of growth) are key.
  • Growth assessment is done comparing a child's growth to standardized charts, using height, weight, and head circumference.
  • Significant or rapid changes in growth, or positioning outside of percentile ranges on growth charts, signal potential concerns.
  • Growth faltering may indicate failure to thrive, malnutrition, or other chronic illness including endocrine disorders.
  • Extreme percentiles indicate potential issues like obesity, growth hormone deficiency, or other disorders.

Fontanels

  • Fontanels provide flexibility for skull expansion as the brain grows.
  • Useful for monitoring infant development and identifying potential health concerns.
  • Anterior fontanels typically close between 12-18 months (but may take up to 24).
  • Posterior fontanels typically close between 2-3 months.

Reflexes

  • Rooting: Baby turns toward a touch on the cheek.
  • Grasp: Palms and soles grasp anything pressed against them.
  • Babinski: Toes fan out and extend when the sole of the foot is stroked.
  • Moro/Startle: Arms extend and legs flex when startled.
  • Tonic Neck: Head turns, one arm, and leg extends while another arm and leg flex.
  • Dance/Stepping: Mimics stepping motion when held upright.
  • Crawling: Arms and legs move in a crawling motion.

Infant Feeding

  • Breastfeeding mothers should be aware of feeding frequency and whether the baby is feeding effectively.
  • Infants should have a certain number of wet diapers/stools to indicate adequate nourishment.
  • Introducing solid foods at 6 months and beyond, starting with low allergy foods.
  • Ensure adequate monitoring of introducing new foods.

Infant Motor and Sensory Development

  • Infants develop motor and sensory skills in progressing stages from lifting head in prone position, to sitting with support, to crawling/creeping, to standing, to walking.
  • Sensory development (vision, hearing, and taste) is also key in enabling infants to interact with their environment and develop basic motor skills.

Toddler, Preschool, School-age, Adolescent, and Adult Development

  • Note specifics growth and developmental information at the age ranges outlined
  • Note the stages in the text of each age range, what to expect regarding growth, sensory and motor skills.

Pediatric HIV Study Guide

  • HIV transmission occurs primarily through bodily fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, breast milk).
  • Mother-to-child transmission is preventable with antiretroviral therapy.
  • HIV-positive pregnant women should be managed with antiretroviral drugs and prophylactic medications.
  • Breastfeeding is avoided in HIV-positive mothers per current recommendations.

Pediatric HIV manifestations

  • Note common clinical manifestations including lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, oral candidiasis, recurrent diarrhea, failure to thrive and developmental delays and other possible infections.

HIV in Children vs Adults

  • HIV progresses faster in children.
  • Manifestations at earlier stages compared to adult onset.
  • Diagnosis in children is different than adult testing methodology.

Pediatric Orthopedics

  • Scoliosis is a lateral spinal curvature.
  • Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type.
  • Progression is determined through Tanner stages, medical history, and Cobb angle measurement.
  • Bracing and surgery are treatment options.

Pediatric Injuries

  • Sprains involve ligament injury; strains, tendon injury; dislocations, joint displacement.
  • Fractures, especially Salter-Harris fractures (different types of breaks based on epiphyseal involvement), are common; open reduction involves surgery, closed reduction, non-surgical methods.
  • Compartment syndrome is a complication of trauma with swelling leading to nerve damage and blood supply issues.

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Description

This quiz explores the critical aspects of growth and development in children, focusing on brain growth patterns and the significance of cephocaudal and proximodistal development. It also addresses the importance of monitoring growth through standardized charts and potential concerns linked to abnormal growth patterns. The quiz aims to deepen your understanding of childhood development and health assessments.

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