Growth and Development in Children

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, labor, and the first six weeks of life, along with complete avoidance of breastfeeding, significantly reduce the risk of transmission.

Preventative treatment (like Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) given to HIV-exposed infants for 4-6 weeks until one year of age, or until HIV status is confirmed negative at 12-18 months.

Common symptoms of HIV/AIDS in children include lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, oral candidiasis, chronic or recurrent diarrhea, failure to thrive, developmental delays, and parotitis.

Children typically show signs of AIDS within a year of infection, unlike adults, who might take approximately 10 years.

Treatment decisions for children with HIV infection depend on factors such as immune status, viral load, and potential medical compliance issues. Treatment may be deferred if these factors are favorable.

If a newborn's HIV test is negative, further monitoring and retesting are necessary to confirm the absence of HIV infection.

Brain growth is most rapid during prenatal development and continues rapidly until approximately 2-3 years of age.

The brain's full development (including prefrontal cortex and amygdala) generally occurs by age 25, enabling matured emotion regulation and impulse control.

The pattern of growth and development that occurs from the head down to the toes.

The pattern of development in which motor skills develop from the trunk outward towards extremities.

Evaluating child's growth over time based on standardized growth charts and key indicators like height, weight, and head circumference compared to their assigned sex and age; also considers percentile, trends, proportionality, and possible risks.

A decreased rate or absence of growth compared to standard growth charts, signaling potential health issues like malnourishment, chronic disease or other conditions.

Rapid increase in height, weight, or head circumference, potentially indicating growth disorders, hormonal abnormalities, or underlying medical conditions.

Growth patterns that demonstrates a disproportionate development between height, weight and head circumference compared to expected growth curve for age and sex.

Growth at extremely high or low percentiles on growth charts suggesting potential issues, such as obesity or growth hormone disorders.

A situation wherein a child's weight exceeds their height percentile, potentially indicating obesity or other hormonal imbalance.

BMI generally increases during the preschool years, then decreases through adulthood.

A significant portion (50%) of individuals with HIV are unaware of their diagnosis, especially concerning the 13-19 age group, showing a 4x increase.

Annual HIV screenings are recommended for individuals aged 13-64, particularly those with higher risk factors.

HIV medication dosages are tailored based on pubertal development (Tanner stages). Lower stages involve pediatric doses, and higher stages use adult dosages.

Efavirenz (NNRTI) is a potential HIV treatment in pregnancy but caution is needed as it can be teratogenic (harmful to the fetus), requiring patient education.

Consistent adherence to HIV treatment is crucial for impacting growth and development, and alternative treatment strategies may be considered for optimal results.

Managing the shift from pediatric to adult healthcare providers is essential for a seamless experience.

Live vaccines should be administered with caution based on current CD4 count (immune status).

Curve progression of scoliosis can range from 10-25 degrees in a short time, impacting treatment strategies and timeframes.

Braces including (Milwaukee, TLSO, Boston, Charleston, and Providence) may be used, along with exercises (Schroth Methods) based on the specific characteristics of the curve.

Surgery is considered when the Cobb angle reaches >45° (a measure of curvature), aiming to arrest curve progression and provide permanent correction.

Involves fusing vertebrae using instrumentation and bone grafts to support the fused bones and potentially improve appearance.

Surgical intervention poses a risk of complications like bleeding, post-op pain, infection, nerve damage, pseudoarthrosis, and disk degeneration.

Clubfoot involves bone deformities and malposition with soft tissue contractions, requiring early evaluation and treatment for optimal correction.

Clubfoot evaluation includes: antenatal assessment, visual inspection at birth, radiographs (x-rays) to assess severity, and MRI scans.

Clubfoot treatment usually starts with serial casting, which gradually stretches tight structures on the foot.

Talipes Equinovarus (TEV) is the most common type of clubfoot, accounting for 95% of cases.

Clubfoot can present with a small foot, a shortened Achilles tendon, underdeveloped calf muscles, an empty heel bed, a transverse plantar crease, and normal leg lengths.

Males are more likely to develop clubfoot, almost twice as often as females.

Causes of clubfoot include intrauterine positioning, neuromuscular abnormalities, genetic predisposition, and congenital abnormalities (idiopathic).

Other causes include amniotic banding, oligohydramnios, and breech presentation in the womb.

To treat clubfoot, casts are changed in intervals and depending on the progress, until the deformity is corrected.

The duration for serial casting treatment for clubfoot depends on individual response, but some cases take several months.

A method of treating clubfoot in infants by using casts applied in sequence over a few weeks to gradually correct the deformity. It requires daily or frequent cast changes.

Correcting the clubfoot excessively, which can strain the Achilles tendon—leading to a rocker bottom foot.

A corrective shoe often used after serial casting to maintain and continue the clubfoot correction.

Surgery is a necessary option when a clubfoot is not corrected by serial casting within the 3-12 month timeframe.

Clubfoot treatment outcomes aren't always predictable and depend on severity, child's age, treatment compliance, and bone/muscle/nerve development.

Surgical clubfoot correction might not restore the ankle & foot to a completely normal appearance; the affected foot may be smaller and thinner than the unaffected one.

Possible diagnoses for a child with clubfoot care include impaired physical mobility, parenting risks, delayed motor risks and altered parent-infant relationships.

A ligament injury. A sprain is a severe trauma to a joint, causing partial or complete tearing of the stabilizing ligaments.

An injury to the muscle near the muscle-tendon junction due to forced muscle contraction.

A complete displacement of a joint's bones due to trauma, resulting in no bone contact. Subluxation is a partial displacement with some bone contact.

A fracture through the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) of a long bone.

Potential problems following a fracture; infection, neurovascular injury, vascular injury, malunion, delayed union, and leg length discrepancy are included.

Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation—a common initial treatment for many soft tissue injuries.

A serious complication that occurs after a severe fracture, with symptoms like dyspnea, tachycardia, rash, and impaired oxygenation.

Brain growth is fastest during prenatal development and continues rapidly until about 2-3 years of age.

The brain, including the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, fully matures around age 25, allowing for better emotional control and decision-making.

Growth and development happen from the head down to the toes.

Motor skills advance from the center of the body outward, towards the extremities.

Using standardized charts to track a child's height, weight, and head circumference over time, and their percentile position.

A child's growth rate slows or stops, potentially indicating malnutrition or illness.

A sudden increase in a child's height, weight, or head circumference; it's often a sign of medical issues.

Unusual growth patterns in height, weight, and head circumference, that isn't aligned with expected growth curve.

A child's growth is significantly higher or lower than the average.

A child's weight is significantly higher than expected for their height.

BMI generally increases during preschool, then typically decreases through adulthood.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, labor, early infancy, and avoidance of breastfeeding lowers HIV transmission risk.

Treatment to prevent Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in HIV-exposed infants, given until confirmed HIV-negative.

Common HIV symptoms in children include swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver/spleen, oral thrush, frequent diarrhea, poor growth, developmental delays, and swollen salivary glands.

Children typically show signs of AIDS within a year of infection, compared to about 10 years for adults.

Treatment decisions for children depend on immune health, viral load, and medication compliance issues. Treatment might be postponed if those factors are favorable.

Further monitoring and retesting of the newborn is crucial after a negative HIV test to confirm absence of HIV.

HIV in children progresses faster to AIDS compared to adults, who typically take longer.

Different stages of HIV infection in children, categorized by symptoms and immune system impact (e.g., Stage N, A, B, C).

Initial stage of HIV infection in children, where they are infected but asymptomatic.

Represents HIV infection in children with mild symptoms. Several symptoms are listed in the clinical stage section.

HIV stage in children with moderate symptoms, like anemia or oral thrush.

Late-stage HIV infection in children, characterized by severe symptoms.

Stages based on the level of suppression of a child's immune system due to HIV. Stages shown are 1, 2, and 3.

Conditions like Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP), Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP), or Cytomegalovirus (CMV) that can signal advanced HIV.

Rare lung disease in children that can be a sign of advanced HIV infection.

Serious fungal infection often seen in children with weakened immune systems (like from HIV).

Common virus that can cause serious complications in children with weakened immune systems ( like from HIV).

A method of treating clubfoot in infants using sequential casts to gradually correct the deformity.

Excessively correcting a clubfoot, potentially causing a rocker bottom foot and an overstretched Achilles tendon.

A corrective shoe used after serial casting to maintain and further correct clubfoot.

Surgical correction of clubfoot if serial casting fails or is inappropriate within a specific timeframe (3-12 months).

Treatment results (clubfoot) are not always predictable and depend on various patient-specific factors, severity, age, compliancy, & development.

Surgical correction might not result in a completely normal appearance of the affected foot, which may be smaller and thinner compared to the unaffected side.

Potential nursing considerations for clubfoot include impaired physical mobility, risk for impaired parenting, risk for delayed motor development and altered parent-infant relationships.

A severe trauma to a joint resulting in partial or complete tearing of a stabilizing ligament.

Muscle injury near the muscle-tendon junction resulting from forced muscle contraction.

Complete displacement of bones in a joint due to trauma.

Fracture through the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) of a long bone.

Potential problems following a fracture—infection, neurovascular injury, vascular injury, malunion, delayed union, and leg length discrepancy.

Rest, ice, compression, and elevation—a common initial treatment for many soft tissue injuries.

Serious complication after severe fracture, marked by symptoms like respiratory distress, tachycardia, rash, and impaired oxygenation.

A significant portion of people with HIV don't know they have it, especially those aged 13-19 (rates are 4x higher).

Annual HIV screenings are advised for people aged 13-64, particularly those with higher risk factors.

HIV medication dosages depend on pubertal development (Tanner stages). Lower stages use pediatric doses, and higher stages use adult doses.

Efavirenz is a possible HIV treatment during pregnancy, but precautions are vital since it can harm the fetus; patient education is essential.

Consistent HIV treatment is needed for positive growth and development. Alternative treatment strategies may be considered.

Moving from pediatric to adult healthcare providers during HIV treatment needs careful management for a smooth experience.

Live vaccines should be administered with caution based on the current CD4 cell count (immune status).

The curve of scoliosis can worsen significantly (10-25 degrees) quickly, affecting treatment plans and timeframes.

Braces like Milwaukee, TLSO, Boston, Charleston, and Providence, along with exercises like Schroth Methods, are used based on the curve's specific characteristics.

Surgery for scoliosis is considered when the Cobb angle (curve measurement) is greater than 45 degrees, aiming to stop curve progression and achieve lasting correction.

Surgery involves fusing vertebrae together using instrumentation and bone grafts to strengthen the fused area, and potentially improve appearance.

Surgical intervention for scoliosis carries risks like bleeding, pain after surgery, infection, nerve damage, improper healing, and back pain.

Talipes Equinovarus (TEV) is the most common type of clubfoot, accounting for 95% of cases.

Brain growth is most rapid during prenatal development and continues rapidly until approximately 2-3 years of age.

The brain's full development (including the prefrontal cortex and amygdala) generally occurs by age 25, allowing for matured emotion regulation and impulse control.

The pattern of growth and development that occurs from the head down to the toes.

The pattern of development in which motor skills develop from the trunk outward towards extremities.

Evaluating a child's growth over time using standardized growth charts and key indicators like height, weight and head circumference, tracked against their assigned sex and age; considers percentile, trends, proportionality and possible risks.

A decreased rate or absence of growth compared to standard growth charts; potentially indicating malnutrition or illness.

A sudden increase in a child's height, weight, or head circumference, often a sign of medical issues.

Unusual growth patterns in height, weight, and head circumference, not aligned with expected growth curves for age and sex.

A child's growth is significantly higher or lower than the average.

A child's weight is significantly higher than expected for their height.

BMI generally increases during preschool years, then typically decreases through adulthood.

Different stages of HIV in children, classified by symptoms and immune system impact.

Initial HIV infection in children; they are infected but show no symptoms.

HIV infection in children with mild symptoms.

HIV infection in children with moderate symptoms; more serious than Stage A.

Late-stage HIV infection in children, showing severe symptoms, often representing AIDS.

Stages based on the level of the child's immune system suppression due to HIV.

Health issues like LIP, PJP, and CMV indicating advanced HIV.

A rare lung disease in children, often a sign of advanced HIV infection.

A serious fungal infection common in children with weakened immune systems, often due to HIV.

A common virus that can cause serious complications in children who have a weakened immune system.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy, labor, and early infancy, along with avoiding breastfeeding, minimizes HIV transmission risk.

Preventive medication for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in HIV-exposed infants, continued until HIV status is confirmed negative later.

Common symptoms like swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver/spleen, oral thrush, frequent diarrhea, poor growth, developmental delays, and swollen salivary glands are common indicators.

Children typically show signs of AIDS within a year of infection, whereas adults might take around 10 years.

Treatment decisions depend on the child's immune status, viral load, and medication compliance.

Further monitoring and retesting are necessary after a negative HIV test to confirm absence of infection.

HIV in children progresses faster towards AIDS compared to adults, who generally experience a slower progression.

Different stages of HIV infection in children, marked by distinct symptoms and immune system impact.

Initial stage of HIV infection where the child is infected but shows no noticeable symptoms.

HIV infection in children with mild symptoms; some examples might include swollen lymph nodes, and/or other symptoms listed within the clinical section.

HIV infection in children with moderate symptoms, such as anemia or oral thrush.

Late-stage HIV infection in children, marked by severe symptoms.

Stages based on how much the child's immune system is weakened by HIV.

Conditions like Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP), Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PJP), or Cytomegalovirus (CMV) indicate advanced HIV.

A rare lung disease in children, potentially a sign of advanced HIV infection.

A serious fungal infection prevalent in children with compromised immune systems, like those with HIV.

A common virus that can pose serious health risks to children with weakened immune systems (like those with HIV).

A significant portion (50%) of people with HIV are unaware of their diagnosis, especially concerning the 13-19 age group, showing a 4x increase.

Annual HIV screenings are recommended for individuals aged 13-64, particularly those with higher risk factors.

HIV medication dosages are tailored based on pubertal development (Tanner stages); lower stages use pediatric doses, and higher stages use adult doses.

Efavirenz (NNRTI) is a potential HIV treatment during pregnancy, but precautions are vital since it can harm the fetus; patient education is essential.

Consistent HIV treatment is needed for positive growth and development; alternative treatment strategies may be considered.

Curve progression of scoliosis can range from 10-25 degrees in a short time, impacting treatment strategies and timeframes.

Braces (Milwaukee, TLSO, Boston, Charleston, Providence) may be used, along with exercises (Schroth Methods), depending on the curve.

Surgery is considered when the Cobb angle reaches >45° (a measure of curvature), aiming to arrest curve progression and provide permanent correction.

Involves fusing vertebrae using instrumentation and bone grafts to support the fused bones and potentially improve appearance.

Surgical intervention poses a risk of complications like bleeding, post-op pain, infection, nerve damage, pseudoarthrosis, disk degeneration, and possible respiratory complications.

Clubfoot involves bone deformities and malposition with soft tissue contractions, requiring early evaluation and treatment for optimal correction.

Clubfoot evaluation includes: antenatal assessment, visual inspection at birth, radiographs (x-rays) to assess severity, and MRI scans.

Talipes Equinovarus (TEV) is the most common type of clubfoot, accounting for 95% of cases.

Bone deformities and malposition with soft tissue contractions, requiring early evaluation and treatment for optimal correction.

Includes antenatal assessment, visual inspection at birth, radiographs (x-rays) to assess severity, and MRI scans.

Usually starts with serial casting, which gradually stretches tight structures on the foot.

Most common type of clubfoot (95% of cases).

May include a small foot, shortened Achilles tendon, underdeveloped calf muscles, an empty heel bed, a transverse plantar crease, and normal leg lengths.

Males are more likely to develop clubfoot, almost twice as often as females.

Causes include intrauterine positioning, neuromuscular abnormalities, genetic predisposition, and congenital abnormalities.

Casts are changed in intervals, depending on progress, until the deformity is corrected.

Duration varies based on individual response, but some cases take several months.

Sequential casts are used to gradually correct clubfoot deformity in infants.

Excessively correcting the clubfoot, potentially leading to a rocker-bottom foot and overstretched Achilles tendon.

Corrective shoe, used after casting, to maintain and further correct clubfoot.

Surgical correction is considered when serial casting fails within a specific timeframe (3-12 months).

Treatment results are not always predictable, and depend on severity, age, treatment compliance, and bone/muscle/nerve development.

Surgical correction might not lead to a completely normal appearance, and the affected foot may be smaller/thinner than the unaffected one.

Potential nursing considerations for clubfoot include impaired physical mobility, risk for impaired parenting, risk for delayed motor development, and altered parent-infant relationships.