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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason beryllium is never employed in medicine?
What is the primary reason beryllium is never employed in medicine?
Which of the following is NOT a natural source of magnesium?
Which of the following is NOT a natural source of magnesium?
What is one of the pharmacological actions of magnesium?
What is one of the pharmacological actions of magnesium?
Which reagent produces a yellow precipitate when used for the identification of magnesium?
Which reagent produces a yellow precipitate when used for the identification of magnesium?
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How can magnesium and beryllium be differentiated in a laboratory setting?
How can magnesium and beryllium be differentiated in a laboratory setting?
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What is one of the primary uses of magnesium carbonate?
What is one of the primary uses of magnesium carbonate?
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Which of the following is a component of the universal antidote that includes magnesium oxide?
Which of the following is a component of the universal antidote that includes magnesium oxide?
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What is the primary indication for magnesium sulfate?
What is the primary indication for magnesium sulfate?
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Which of the following statements about magnesium hydroxide is true?
Which of the following statements about magnesium hydroxide is true?
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What is one of the roles of magnesium sulfate in medical treatment?
What is one of the roles of magnesium sulfate in medical treatment?
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What is the primary use of Mercurous Chloride?
What is the primary use of Mercurous Chloride?
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Which of the following diseases is associated with mercury exposure?
Which of the following diseases is associated with mercury exposure?
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What is the best antidote for mercury poisoning?
What is the best antidote for mercury poisoning?
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What is the common name for mercury (Hg)?
What is the common name for mercury (Hg)?
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Cadmium sulfide is noted for its use in which therapeutic application?
Cadmium sulfide is noted for its use in which therapeutic application?
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Which compound is known as ‘yellow precipitate’?
Which compound is known as ‘yellow precipitate’?
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What is the primary function of mercuric chloride (HgCl2)?
What is the primary function of mercuric chloride (HgCl2)?
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What should be used to remove mercury that has fallen into cracks?
What should be used to remove mercury that has fallen into cracks?
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What form of gypsum is represented by the formula ½H2O?
What form of gypsum is represented by the formula ½H2O?
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Which of the following is a use of strontium?
Which of the following is a use of strontium?
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What is the recommended calcium salt as an electrolyte replenisher?
What is the recommended calcium salt as an electrolyte replenisher?
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What is a known side effect of using strontium chloride as a desensitizing agent?
What is a known side effect of using strontium chloride as a desensitizing agent?
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What is barium sulfate commonly known as in medical contexts?
What is barium sulfate commonly known as in medical contexts?
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Which alkaline earth metal is a known CO2 absorber?
Which alkaline earth metal is a known CO2 absorber?
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Which element was the first radioactive element discovered by Marie Curie?
Which element was the first radioactive element discovered by Marie Curie?
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What serious condition is associated with the toxicity of barium?
What serious condition is associated with the toxicity of barium?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of magnesium compounds?
Which of the following is NOT a use of magnesium compounds?
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What is the primary function of calcium in the human body?
What is the primary function of calcium in the human body?
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Which condition is associated with a deficiency of calcium in adults?
Which condition is associated with a deficiency of calcium in adults?
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Calcium carbonate is commonly used in which of the following products?
Calcium carbonate is commonly used in which of the following products?
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Which mineral is considered the softest and is often represented by talc?
Which mineral is considered the softest and is often represented by talc?
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What is the primary source of calcium supplementation mentioned?
What is the primary source of calcium supplementation mentioned?
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Which calcium compound is known for its use in disinfectants?
Which calcium compound is known for its use in disinfectants?
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Aluminum hydroxide is added to magnesium compounds primarily to what effect?
Aluminum hydroxide is added to magnesium compounds primarily to what effect?
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Calcium gluconate is primarily used as which of the following?
Calcium gluconate is primarily used as which of the following?
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What term describes the bone mineral that calcium contributes to?
What term describes the bone mineral that calcium contributes to?
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Study Notes
Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals
- Beryllium: Most toxic metal, not used in medicine.
- Magnesium: 2nd most abundant intercellular cation, present in chlorophyll and Grignard's reagent.
- Magnesium pharmacological actions: Laxative, depressant, natural calcium channel blocker.
- Magnesium poisoning antidote: Calcium gluconate.
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Magnesium identification tests: Blue precipitate with p-nitrobenzene resorcinol, yellow precipitate with oxine reagent, violet-red with diphenyl carbazide, blue precipitate with quinalizarin reagent.
- Differentiate magnesium from beryllium by adding bromine water.
- Magnesium carbonate: Antacid, laxative, known as "Magnesia."
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Magnesium oxide: Antacid, laxative, known as "Calcined Magnesia."
- Component of Universal Antidote: 1 part MgO, 2 parts activated charcoal, 1 part tannic acid
- Magnesium sulfate: Cathartic (PO), anticonvulsant (IM), used for pre-eclampsia triad (hypertension, proteinuria, edema) and eclampsia (triad + seizures). Antidote for barium toxicity and barbiturate poisoning. Known as "Epsom salt."
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Magnesium hydroxide: Antacid, known as "Milk of Magnesia" or "Magnesia Magma."
- Side effect: diarrhea, add aluminum hydroxide to mitigate.
- Dispensed in a blue bottle.
- Hydrated Magnesium Silicate: Talc, Soapstone, French chalk, known as the "softest mineral." Used as a filtering agent, clarifying agent, and dusting powder.
- Magnesium citrate: Purgative lemonade, known as "Lemonada purganti."
Calcium
- 2nd most abundant cation in extracellular fluid
- Major constituent of bones and teeth (hydroxyapatite)
- Vitamin D is needed for maximum calcium absorption
- Calcium pharmacologic actions: Blood coagulation factor, important for muscle contraction and release of neurotransmitters.
- Calcium deficiency states:
- Osteoporosis: most common bone disorder, defective bone resorption.
- Osteomalacia: defective bone mineralization in adults.
- Rickets: defective bone mineralization in children.
- Hypocalcemia.
- Calcium bromide: Sedative-depressant.
- Calcium chloride: Known as "Muriate of lime", replenishes calcium levels.
- Calcium carbonate: Antacid, ingredient of toothpaste and dentifrice. Known as: Precipitated Chalk, Prepared Chalk, Calcite, Marble, Limestone.
- Calcium gluconate: Calcium supplement and replenisher, antidote for magnesium poisoning.
- Calcium lactate: Calcium supplement.
- Calcium biphosphate: Source of calcium and phosphate.
- Calcium hydroxide: Antacid, saponifying agent, prevents milk curdling to promote digestibility. Known as: Slaked lime, Milk of lime, Calcium hydrate.
- Calcium oxide: Component of Bordeaux mixture, insecticide. Known as: Lime, Quicklime, Calx.
- Calcium phosphate: Antacid, known as "Bone ash."
- Calcium hypochlorite: Disinfectant, bleaching agent. Known as: Chlorinated lime, Chloride of lime.
- Calcium sulfate: Rodenticide, used for preparation of surgical casts and dental impressions. Known as: Plaster of Paris (hemihydrate form), Gypsum (dihydrate), Terra Alba.
- Dibasic Calcium Phosphate: Recommended calcium salt as an electrolyte replenisher.
Other Group IIA Metals
- Strontium: Used in the manufacture of flares (red fireworks), radioactive strontium used as a bone scanner due to its affinity for bone.
- Strontium chloride: Desensitizing agent, used in Sensodyne toothpaste, can darken teeth.
- Barium: Heavy, toxicity known as "Baritosis" with antidote being Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate). Used in the manufacture of green flares.
- Barium sulfate: Radiopaque substance used for GIT imaging, does not dissociate in the GIT, used as a CO2 absorber (known as ‘Barium meal’).
- Barium hydroxide: CO2 absorber.
- Radium: Discovered by Curie, first radioactive element discovered was polonium (Board Question). Measured in Becquerel.
Group IIB: Volatile Metals
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Cadmium: Used in various compounds.
- Cadmium chloride: Emetic.
- Cadmium sulfide: Anti-seborrheic. Only "yellow sulfide."
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Mercury: Known as quicksilver or Messenger of Gods.
- Industrial uses: Thermometers, amalgams (dental cement).
- Diseases: Minamata disease, "Pink Disease", Erethism.
- Antidote: EDTA.
- All mercury salts are poisonous, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate is the best antidote.
- To remove mercury that falls into cracks, use a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter.
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Mercurous chloride: Known as Calomel, used as a cathartic.
- Black lotion: Calomel + lime water
- Mercuric chloride: Known as Corrosive sublimate, used as a disinfectant.
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Mercury iodide:
- Mercurous iodide: Treatment of syphilis.
- Mercuric iodide: Stimulant of indolent ulcers.
- Mercuric potassium iodide: Mayer's reagent.
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Mercury compounds:
- Mercuric oxide: Known as "yellow precipitate."
- Ammoniated Mercury: Known as "white precipitate," water soluble mercury (10-20%) with cetylalcohol (70%), SLS, dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate, glycerin and water.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the properties and pharmacological actions of alkaline earth metals, focusing on Beryllium and Magnesium. This quiz covers identification tests, applications, and antidotes related to Magnesium. Dive into the chemistry and usage of these essential elements in various fields.
