Group Development and Data Storage Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus during the forming stage of group development?

Encouraging conflict among members

Defining group norms and rules (correct)

Maximizing team productivity

Discussing individual feelings and outcomes

Which phase of group development is characterized by testing and acting out behaviors?

Storming (correct)

Forming

Norming

Adjourning

In which stage does a therapeutic alliance start to form among group members?

Working

Norming (correct)

Storming

Adjourning

What is the main activity during the adjourning phase of group development?

Reviewing outcomes and achievements Signup and view all the answers

What term best describes the phase where members actively participate in individual growth and team productivity?

Working Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the leader's role during the storming phase?

The leader primarily mediates conflicts. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase mainly deals with discussing time frames and group termination?

Forming Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring a working relationship with community groups?

Creating a relationship based on trust and respect Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of offline storage?

External hard drive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the preservation of offline storage?

It necessitates thorough back-up procedures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of retrieval?

Accessing stored data Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes serial data transmission from parallel data transmission?

Serial sends bits one at a time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following media is preferred for integrity in offline storage?

Read-only media Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of data transmission?

Hard disk drives Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the definition of data?

Facts or figures Signup and view all the answers

Which type of modem is used to connect to DSL broadband?

Digital subscriber line modem Signup and view all the answers

What is one key aspect of managing financial resources?

Setting realistic financial goals Signup and view all the answers

How do communities that prioritize physical activity generally compare to those that don't?

They generally have healthier and happier residents. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of regular wellness exercise?

It can help with weight loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by environmental health?

Preventing diseases through environmental management. Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of participating in wellness programs in the community?

Stronger social connections and community health. Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension of wellness involves understanding the effects of various environments on health?

Environmental Dimension Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of community health initiatives?

To reduce health disparities based on social factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wellness activities is recognized for improving relaxation and sleep quality?

Tai Chi Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of community-based projects?

To enable community members to identify and address their own issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in starting a successful community service project?

Engage in personal projects without community input Signup and view all the answers

When selecting a community service project, which factor should be considered?

The community’s immediate needs and prioritized issues Signup and view all the answers

In the context of starting community-based projects, what does 'self-assessment' refer to?

Being honest about personal skills and available time Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of community discussions when starting a service project?

To identify community needs and foster collaboration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the intended audience for community-based health education projects?

Vulnerable populations and at-risk groups Signup and view all the answers

Which step in starting a successful community project involves planning around available resources?

See what you have the ability to do Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of having a ranking system for activity ideas in community projects?

To ensure the decision-making process involves diverse opinions Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of the facilitator in a group setting?

To be a model of acceptable behavior for group members Signup and view all the answers

How can a facilitator enhance group growth?

By maximizing opportunities for group participation and learning Signup and view all the answers

What might happen if a facilitator is unaware of their own behavior?

Group dynamics may suffer, leading to dysfunction or dissolution Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional experience is commonly associated with the termination of group sessions?

Feelings of sadness and hurt due to separation Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of recognizing previous learnings in group discussions?

It can enhance understanding and application of new situations Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of unresolved aggression in a group?

It can impede the group's ability to grow and develop Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for facilitators to model punctuality and reliability?

It promotes an environment of trust and respect Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes the process of analyzing group barriers?

Collaboratively identifying and addressing obstacles to progress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of school health systems?

To improve data collection and monitor health of school-age students Signup and view all the answers

Which role does e-health play in community health nursing?

Using technologies to monitor public health and treat patients Signup and view all the answers

How do community health systems support home healthcare?

By collecting and processing data for payment documentation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of nurses in e-health?

Performing surgeries remotely via telemedicine Signup and view all the answers

What does the WHO definition of e-health emphasize?

The use of ICT for various health-related purposes Signup and view all the answers

What historical figure is associated with advocating for e-health perspective?

Nightingale Florence Signup and view all the answers

Which of these activities is a practical application of e-health by nurses?

Managing patient relationship remotely Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of school health systems?

Individual school-based or district-wide implementation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Working with Groups Towards Community Development

Students will be able to communicate effectively and maintain harmonious relationships with target groups, communities, and partner agencies.
Students will be able to implement strategies/approaches to enhance the capabilities of population groups and communities to participate in decision-making and problem-solving with a multidisciplinary team.
Students will be able to ensure a working relationship with population groups and communities based on trust, respect, and shared decision-making.

Dr. Irvin D. Yalom

Dr. Yalom is considered the guru of group therapy, specifically interpersonal.
His textbooks are more like a novel; yet they make group therapy and its purpose relatable and engaging in clinical practice compared to other resources.
He was the first person to put a theoretical perspective on group work and believed all groups had to go through specific phases.

Stages/Phases of Group Development

Stage 1 (Forming): The orientation phase.
- The leader is most active in this stage.
- Universal norms like confidentiality, attendance, and communication rules are discussed and addressed.
- The stage also discusses the timeframe and termination of the group.
Stage 2 (Storming): The stage of conflict.
- Anxiety, ambiguity, and conflict become common as group members test and act out behaviors, defining their role and the group norms.
- Members should feel free to disagree with each other.
Stage 3 (Norming): The cohesiveness phase.
- Group members develop specific standards (cohesiveness) and a therapeutic alliance.
- Examples include disapproving late arrivals or defining the acceptable level of anger or conflict.
Stage 4 (Work Group Stage): The performing phase.
- Individual growth and team productivity and effectiveness occur.
- Members experiment with new ideas and behaviors and egalitarianism develops.
Stage 5 (Adjourning): The termination phase.
- Closure for the group as a whole or individual members who leave.
- The primary task is for members to discuss and review actual outcomes and achievements, explore feelings about the work of the group, any feelings of loss, and decide whether or not to introduce new concerns or initiatives for the group.

Interventions to Facilitate Group Growth

Specific interventions in developing work groups can engage the community and its resources for achieving health goals.
These interventions address psychological processes, the interplay of varied personalities, feelings, needs, and concerns concerning anxiety or discomfort.
These interventions can help the nurse identify where the group is, predict future direction, and identify assets that can be utilized.

Major Interventions to Facilitate Work Group

Providing necessary orientation, structure, and direction to decrease anxiety when group members do not know each other.
Making introductions to create a positive impact on members.
Encouraging members to get to know each other by introducing a co-member.

Process, Negotiate, and Resolve Conflicts

Hostility and conflict can't be resolved unless group members have the necessary attitude toward conflicts and competencies for managing them.
Understanding the nature of conflicts – conflict is an inevitable part of any relationship or group, resulting from differences in needs, motives, interests, ideas, and perspectives.
Conflict is valuable and desirable due to stimulating interest, curiosity, and reducing frustration associated with working together.
Conflicts can be managed effectively by encouraging cooperation and using a problem-solving approach.

Conflict Resolution Through Problem Solving

Conflicts can be analyzed, negotiated, and resolved using the problem-solving approach.
Basic steps according to Johnson and Johnson include: clarifying the basic issues, diagnosing the dimensions and causes of conflict, exploring ways to settle the conflict, deciding upon and implementing an agreement satisfactory to the group, and evaluating the success of actions taken.

Generating New Ways of Looking at the Situation or Problem

Conflicts can be minimized by helping members separate ideas, beliefs, and concepts from the people advocating them.
Role reversal is a strategy to help members understand each other's perspectives and experiences.

Helping Members Analyze the Here-and-Now Experience

Experiences of conflict, tension, and anxiety can affect group processes.
Having members reflect on the reasons behind these past experiences to assume responsibility for sustaining group vitality and controlling tension-laden experiences.
Identifying, analyzing, and developing possible alternatives, re-direction, and behavior change through an emphasis on the here and now.

Be Aware of the Effects of Own Behavior on the Group

A nurse, as a facilitator, coordinator, or leader, has an influence on group member behavior and experiences.
Members look to the nurse as a model, and behavior, responses, and actions are expected to be approved by the nurse.
The nurse should be a model in the group as regards expected and acceptable behaviors.

Application of New Learnings

Group experiences provide varied opportunities for member learning.
Reliving basic concepts and principles of effective group life in various group experiences.
Members gain more depth in understanding the group process when applying previously learned concepts and principles to new situations/issues.

Sample Communication Techniques

Analyzing the present experience through learning gained in previous sessions to deepen understanding of the present experience.
Separations, sadness, hurt, and unpleasant emotions from the process of termination can affect future relationships in group sessions.
Facilitators can help members realize that the advantages of investing effort and feelings in a successful group far outweigh the unpleasant feelings of separation.

Partnership and Collaboration

The aim of partnership and collaboration is to bring people together to address problems.
It provides opportunities to learn about group relationship, interpersonal relations, critical analysis, and decision-making in the context of democratic leadership.
Activities like networking involve exchanging information about each other's goals and objectives.
Coordination requires organizations to modify their activities in providing service to a target beneficiary, which involves trust and commitment.
Cooperation involves organizations sharing information and resources and adjusting their agenda to accommodate the other organization's agenda.
Collaboration is an organizational relationship where organizations help each other enhance their capacities to perform tasks and provide services.
Coalitions or multi-sector collaboration is where organizations and citizens form partnerships.

Advocacy

Nurses acting as advocates empower people to make decisions and carry out actions to improve their lives.
Advocacy work involves informing people about the issue, discussing alternatives and potential consequences, supporting their choices, and influencing public opinions.

Universal Health Care Law

Republic Act No. 11223.

Abbreviations

UHC - Universal Health Care
PHIC - Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
SHI - Social Health Insurance
PAGCOR - Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation
HMO - Health Maintenance Organization
PHI - Personal Health Information
NHIP - National Health Insurance Program

Overview of RA 11223 - Universal Health Care Act

Aims to realize universal health coverage through a systemic approach.
It seeks to consolidate financial flows, increase fiscal space for benefit delivery, improve governance and performance of local health systems, and institutionalize support mechanisms like health technology assessment and health promotion.

Declaration of Principles

Integrated and comprehensive approach to ensure health literacy, healthy living, and protection from hazards.
Whole-of-system approach in health policy development.
People-oriented approach to deliver comprehensive health services without financial hardship.

General Objectives

To progressively realize universal health care through systemic approach.
To ensure equitable access to quality and affordable health care while protecting against financial risk.

Universal Health Care (UHC)

Population Coverage: Automatic inclusion of every Filipino citizen into the NHIP.
Service Coverage: Immediate eligibility and access to population- and individual-based health services.
Financial Coverage: Population-based health services funded by the national government, free at the point of service, with individual-based services through pre-payment mechanisms (e.g., SHI, PHI, HMO).

National Health Insurance Program (NHIP)

Simplification of NHIP membership into direct and indirect contributors.
Direct contributors will have the capability to pay premiums.
Indirect contributors will have their premiums subsidized by the national government.
Pooling funds to PhilHealth for all individual-based health services.
Provides immediate eligibility, no co-payment for basic or ward accommodation, co-payments/insurance for amenities in public hospitals, no reductions in the current PhilHealth package, and additional benefits for direct contributors.

Organization of Local Health Systems

Consolidating fragmented providers into province- and city-wide health systems.
Provincial/City Health Board oversees integration of health services and manages special health funds, exercising administrative and technical supervision over health facilities and HRH within their jurisdiction.
Pooling PhilHealth payments for all LGU providers through a Special Health Fund.

Health Care Provider Network (HCPN)

A group of primary to tertiary care providers, whether public or private, offering integrated and coordinated care.
The primary care provider acts as the coordinator and navigator of care.

Delivery of Population-based Health Services

DOH contracts province- and city-wide health systems following the established minimum components (epidemiologic surveillance systems, health promotion/campaigns).
Primary care provider network.

Delivery of Individual-based Health Services

PhilHealth contracts public, private, or mixed networks to provide individual-based health services (e.g., co-pay/co-insurance).

Strategic Contracting

PhilHealth contracts public/private/mixed care networks ensuring member access.
Networks agree on service quality, co-payment, co-insurance and data submission.
PhilHealth and DOH will incentivize providers forming networks.
Apex or end-referral hospitals—determined by the DOH—may be contracted by PhilHealth—as stand-alone providers.

Strategic Purchasing

PhilHealth will shift to performance-driven, prospective payments based on DRGs (Diagnosis-Related Groups) and validated costing methods.
Developing differential payment schemes considering service quality, efficiency, and equity.
Strong surveillance and audit for network compliance to contractual obligations.

Regulation

Safety and Quality: Institutionalization of a licensing and regulatory system by the DOH for primary care facilities and establishment of a rating system for PhilHealth.
Affordability: Mandating transparent pricing of health goods and services and independent price negotiation board.
Equity: Basic accommodation standards (at least 90% in government hospitals to 10% in private).

Appropriations

Sources of funding for UHC: Total incremental sin tax collections, premium contributions of members, 50% National Government share from PAGCOR, 40% Charity Fund, net of documentary stamp tax, and mandated contributions from PCSO, annual appropriations of the DOH, National Government subsidy to PhilHealth, supplemental funds.

Challenges and Opportunities

Complementary bills to increase tobacco excise taxes are still pending.
Varied perspectives on major reforms (e.g., strategic communication needed).
Implementing rules and regulations are needed.

What is Universal Health Coverage/Care?

All people having access to quality health services without suffering from financial hardship related to paying for care.

Building Blocks of Health Systems

Health workforce, resource generation and health financing, essential medicines and commodities, and health information system technologies are crucial to a people-centered health care service; Good governance.

UHC Road Map

Effective services, UHC index, Incentives, and regulatory environment are essential components for the UHC road map.

Who Does What to Deliver Health Services

State/government (per Sec. 17, RA 7160 - LGC; DOH standards).
Local Government Units (LGUs): Barangays, municipalities, provinces, and cities.
Non-state: Private facilities (regulated by the DOH).

The Mandate to Consolidate

Local government units can group, consolidate or coordinate efforts, services and resources.
The national government may provide or augment basic services and facilities to lower-level local government units.

How Can Decentralization Work for UHC?

Role deliniation needed between national and local governments.
Consolidating local governments to reduce inefficiencies and transactions costs in health.
Adequate licensing, regulation, supervision, and engagement of private sector providers.
Support for the devolution of powers and functions with adequate financing (intergovernmental transfers).
Institutionalization of effective accountability mechanisms.

Philippines: Universal Health Care Legislation

The Philippines established a National Health Insurance Program (PhilHealth) for a single payer.
Essential public health functions are funded by line-item government budgets.
Service delivery utilizes a dual system (public and private sectors).

Legislative Process

Detailed timelines for bills related to UHC proposed by the House of Representatives and Senate including dates of public hearings, committee reports, bicameral conference meetings and final enactments.

The 10 Steps for Starting a Project

Find out what is needed in your community
See what you have the ability to do
Choose a project
Develop a plan
Recruit your volunteers
Make a Budget
Make a timeline
Raise Money
Get Publicity
Implement the Project

Examples of Community Health Projects

Water and Sanitation: projects range from hand-washing stations to sanitation facilities and clean water wells.
Food and Nutrition: projects improve nutrition to reduce susceptibility to diseases and improve recovery time.
Mobile Medical and Health Programs: include medical, dental, physical therapy, and more.
Community Gardens: transform idle lots into community gardens to improve access to fresh foods, increase physical activity, improve dietary habits, increase fruit and vegetable intake, reduce obesity-related diseases, and improve mental health.
Environmental Health: advance policies and programs to reduce environmental exposures and protect residents.
Botika sa Barangay: drug outlets managed by community organizations/LGUs dispensing non-prescription and selected prescription drugs.

Health and Wellness

The active process of becoming aware of choices to live a healthy and fulfilling life.
More than freedom from illness; it is a dynamic and growing process.

Dimensions of Wellness

Physical: Maintaining good physical health.
Intellectual: Growing intellectually through lifelong learning.
Emotional: Understanding, respecting feelings, and managing emotions.
Social: Building and maintaining healthy relationships and contributing to the community.
Spiritual: Finding purpose, value, and meaning in life, and participating in consistent activities.
Vocational: Providing work that leads to personal satisfaction
Financial: Managing resources to live within means.
Environmental: Understanding, valuing and caring for the natural world

Importance of Wellness Activities in the Community

Communities participating in sports and recreation experience strong social bonds and enhanced health and well-being.
Promoting public health reduces health disparities based on race, ethnicity, location, social status, and income.
Community health reduces health inequities among residents.

Benefits of Wellness

Exercising leads to happiness, improved muscle and bone health, enhanced energy levels, reduced chronic disease risk, better skin health and brain health.
Improves relaxation and sleep quality, and can reduce pain.

Other Wellness Programs in the Community

Smoking cessation programs
Health promotion activities
Vaccination programs
Alcoholic Anonymous
Mental health awareness

Environmental Health and Sanitation

Branch of public health preventing illnesses by managing the environment and changing people’s behaviors.
Focuses on disease prevention.

Environmental Sanitation

Study of factors in man's physical environment affecting health and survival.
Includes water sanitation, food sanitation, refuse and garbage disposal, and excreta disposal.

Factors Affecting Environmental Health

Insect vector and rodent control.
Housing conditions
Air pollution
Noise
Radiological protection.
Institutional sanitation, Stream pollution

National/International Environmental Laws

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
RA 6969: Toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear waste Control Act of 1990.
RA 8749: Clean Air Act.
RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
RA 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004.

Water Supply Sanitation Program

Certification of water source potability by local health authorities.
Approved types of water facilities (Level I, II, III) based on water source, distribution system and user-based calculations.
Unapproved types of water facilities.
Disinfection requirements for both new and old water facilities.

Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal Program

Approved types of toilet facilities (Level I, II, III) based on water carriage and toilet flush technologies.

Food Sanitation Program

Food establishment appraisal: inspection/approval of food sources, containers, and transport vehicles.
Compliance to sanitation permits; health certificates for food handlers.
Laboratory requirements (DOH AO 1-2006).
Food unfit for human consumption must be destroyed.
Training for food handlers on food sanitation.

Four Rights in Food Safety

Proper source, preparation, cooking, and storage of food.

Hospital Waste Management Program

All newly constructed/authorized hospitals must implement a Hospital Waste Management (HWM) program.
Using appropriate technology and indigenous materials.
Implementing training for personnel involved in HWM.
Conducting public information campaign about health/environmental hazards.

Roles of Community Health Nurses in eHealth

Data/Records Manager: Monitoring disease trends, ensuring accurate data, performing regular data audits.
Change Agent: Collaborating with the community in implementing eHealth tools; helping create appropriate ICT tools.
Educator: Providing health education to individuals, families, groups, and communities through ICT.
Telepresenter: Presenting patients' cases to remote specialists.
Client Advocate: Safeguarding client records, ensuring confidentiality.
Researcher: Conducting research based on aggregated data.

eHealth in the Community

Universal Health Care, implementation of “Kalusugang Pangkalahatan” through ICT.
Evidence for policy and program development; Improvement of province-wide management health system.
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) or Electronic Health records (EHRs) as comprehensive patient records; Community health centers using standard processes for adaptation.
Telemedicine: Delivering services with geographic distance as a key factor; supporting MDGs in disadvantaged communities.
eLearning: Aids in teaching, done synchronously or asynchronously.
Areas of Community Health Systems, Categorical Systems, Screening programs, Client registration, Management information systems and Statistical Reporting System, National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS), Special Purpose Systems, School Health Systems, and Home Health Information Systems.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to group development stages, including forming, storming, and adjourning phases. Additionally, it explores important aspects of offline storage and data transmission, making it a comprehensive assessment for students studying these topics.