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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of green chemistry as described in the text?
What is the primary goal of green chemistry as described in the text?
- Preventing pollution through the design of benign processes (correct)
- Analyzing pollutants in the environment
- Removing contaminants from the soil after they have been released
- Treating existing pollution using smokestack technologies
According to the material, what is a sustainable future characterized by?
According to the material, what is a sustainable future characterized by?
- A future that offers future generations the same options as present (correct)
- A future with fewer environmental protection measures
- A future that limits the options available for future generations
- A future with completely different societal norms
Which of the following best describes the relationship between industrial ecology and green chemistry?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between industrial ecology and green chemistry?
- They are both considered aspects of achieving a sustainable future. (correct)
- Industrial ecology and green chemistry are distinct fields with little overlap.
- They are competing approaches to environmental control.
- Green chemistry is a subset of industrial ecology.
What type of material does the book emphasize is not the primary subject of the content?
What type of material does the book emphasize is not the primary subject of the content?
What prompted the discovery of aflatoxins?
What prompted the discovery of aflatoxins?
What is the implied relationship between ‘benign by design’ process and producing toxic waste?
What is the implied relationship between ‘benign by design’ process and producing toxic waste?
What should ideal green chemistry processes minimize?
What should ideal green chemistry processes minimize?
What is a common misconception regarding 'natural' versus 'chemical' substances?
What is a common misconception regarding 'natural' versus 'chemical' substances?
What substance present in rye can cause a berserk-like state?
What substance present in rye can cause a berserk-like state?
What academic level is the source material primarily designed for?
What academic level is the source material primarily designed for?
Which of these actions does the publication information indicate is prohibited without permission?
Which of these actions does the publication information indicate is prohibited without permission?
Why were drug companies reluctant to tackle tropical diseases?
Why were drug companies reluctant to tackle tropical diseases?
What best describes the public's perception of scientific testing regarding toxicity?
What best describes the public's perception of scientific testing regarding toxicity?
What is the primary reason that the emergence of certain diseases such as Legionnaire's and Ebola were not anticipated?
What is the primary reason that the emergence of certain diseases such as Legionnaire's and Ebola were not anticipated?
Which of the following is often found in most of the US toothpaste products?
Which of the following is often found in most of the US toothpaste products?
Which of the following best describes the contemporary attitude towards science mentioned in the text?
Which of the following best describes the contemporary attitude towards science mentioned in the text?
What was the primary cause of fish advisories related to chemical contamination?
What was the primary cause of fish advisories related to chemical contamination?
What is a potential solution for reducing the release of vinyl chloride from manufacturing processes?
What is a potential solution for reducing the release of vinyl chloride from manufacturing processes?
The increase in fish advisories from 1995 to 1996 was approximately:
The increase in fish advisories from 1995 to 1996 was approximately:
What percentage of the chemicals found in San Francisco Bay were attributed to everyday activities of ordinary people?
What percentage of the chemicals found in San Francisco Bay were attributed to everyday activities of ordinary people?
Which of the mentioned substances was a major loss for the metals company?
Which of the mentioned substances was a major loss for the metals company?
What was the average number of chemical accidents per year in the United States, between 1993 and 1995, that involved toxic chemicals?
What was the average number of chemical accidents per year in the United States, between 1993 and 1995, that involved toxic chemicals?
According to the information provided, which of the following was NOT a consequence of chemical accidents in the United States between 1993 and 1995?
According to the information provided, which of the following was NOT a consequence of chemical accidents in the United States between 1993 and 1995?
What is the main reason investigations are conducted after chemical accidents?
What is the main reason investigations are conducted after chemical accidents?
What was the average annual number of chemical accidents that resulted in death, injury, or evacuation in the US, in the 10 years before 1999?
What was the average annual number of chemical accidents that resulted in death, injury, or evacuation in the US, in the 10 years before 1999?
Which of the following is a factor that gives India a competitive advantage in the global dye market?
Which of the following is a factor that gives India a competitive advantage in the global dye market?
What was NOT functioning at the time of the chemical accident described in the passage?
What was NOT functioning at the time of the chemical accident described in the passage?
Approximately how many chemical accidents are reported annually in the United States?
Approximately how many chemical accidents are reported annually in the United States?
What is the purpose of implementing 'fail-safe systems' in chemical manufacturing?
What is the purpose of implementing 'fail-safe systems' in chemical manufacturing?
What is a method suggested to reduce or eliminate the use of certain reagents when producing polymers?
What is a method suggested to reduce or eliminate the use of certain reagents when producing polymers?
What was the primary substance released in the 1992 Oxy Chem plant incident in Corpus Christi, Texas?
What was the primary substance released in the 1992 Oxy Chem plant incident in Corpus Christi, Texas?
Which U.S. legislation included measures to minimize the risk of future oil spills?
Which U.S. legislation included measures to minimize the risk of future oil spills?
Besides the Exxon Valdez spill, which other locations have experienced major oil spills from ships?
Besides the Exxon Valdez spill, which other locations have experienced major oil spills from ships?
What was the cause of the fire at the University of Texas laboratory in 1996?
What was the cause of the fire at the University of Texas laboratory in 1996?
What was the approximate cost to bring the building up to fire safety standards at the University of Texas?
What was the approximate cost to bring the building up to fire safety standards at the University of Texas?
What is one of the measures Exxon now employs as a preventative measure in Prince William Sound?
What is one of the measures Exxon now employs as a preventative measure in Prince William Sound?
What settlement resulted from an out of court class action lawsuit, due to release of unburned hydrocarbons from an extinguished flare at a plant in Texas?
What settlement resulted from an out of court class action lawsuit, due to release of unburned hydrocarbons from an extinguished flare at a plant in Texas?
What was the approximate total amount for all listed companies by 1996 in pounds from the Toxic Release Inventory for Delaware?
What was the approximate total amount for all listed companies by 1996 in pounds from the Toxic Release Inventory for Delaware?
For the companies listed, which company shows the greatest reduction in releases between 1993 and 1996?
For the companies listed, which company shows the greatest reduction in releases between 1993 and 1996?
Which company had the most consistent release amounts for the period of 1993-1996?
Which company had the most consistent release amounts for the period of 1993-1996?
Based on the provided information, what percentage of Delaware rivers and streams do not meet the minimum standards for swimming?
Based on the provided information, what percentage of Delaware rivers and streams do not meet the minimum standards for swimming?
In 1994, approximately how many work-related injuries and illnesses were reported in private industry in the United States?
In 1994, approximately how many work-related injuries and illnesses were reported in private industry in the United States?
What type of disorder was the most common in 1994?
What type of disorder was the most common in 1994?
The text mentions that waste metal salts can be used in fertilizers. Which of these statements is true regarding this practice?
The text mentions that waste metal salts can be used in fertilizers. Which of these statements is true regarding this practice?
What process can be used to convert sodium chloride back to sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid?
What process can be used to convert sodium chloride back to sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid?
Flashcards
Green Chemistry
Green Chemistry
A field focused on creating chemical processes that minimize waste and environmental harm.
Sustainable Future
Sustainable Future
A future where future generations have the same resources and opportunities as we do.
Industrial Ecology
Industrial Ecology
The study of how industries can interact and work together to reduce waste and pollution.
Nontoxic Chemicals
Nontoxic Chemicals
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Pollution Prevention
Pollution Prevention
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Benign by Design
Benign by Design
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Contaminants
Contaminants
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Unsustainable Processes
Unsustainable Processes
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Chemophobia
Chemophobia
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Mycotoxin
Mycotoxin
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Aflatoxin
Aflatoxin
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Lysergic Acid Derivatives
Lysergic Acid Derivatives
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Amanita Mushroom
Amanita Mushroom
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Globe Fish Delicacy
Globe Fish Delicacy
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Public Perception of Toxicity and Risk
Public Perception of Toxicity and Risk
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Saccharin
Saccharin
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LD50
LD50
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Fail-Safe System
Fail-Safe System
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Accident Investigation
Accident Investigation
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Chemical Releases
Chemical Releases
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Green Movement
Green Movement
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Effluent Legislation
Effluent Legislation
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Competitive Advantage
Competitive Advantage
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Global Sourcing
Global Sourcing
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What are carcinogens?
What are carcinogens?
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What is trichloroethylene?
What is trichloroethylene?
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What are polyolefins?
What are polyolefins?
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What is a scrubber?
What is a scrubber?
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What is vinyl chloride?
What is vinyl chloride?
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Butadiene
Butadiene
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Oil Spill
Oil Spill
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Double-Hulled Ships
Double-Hulled Ships
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Exothermic Reaction
Exothermic Reaction
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Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC)
Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC)
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Oxy Chem Plant Accident
Oxy Chem Plant Accident
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Tanker-Free Zone
Tanker-Free Zone
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Toxic Release Inventory
Toxic Release Inventory
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Occupational Illness and Injury
Occupational Illness and Injury
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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Cost of Occupational Illness and Injury
Cost of Occupational Illness and Injury
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Waste Metal Salts in Fertilizer
Waste Metal Salts in Fertilizer
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Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis
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Waste Recycling
Waste Recycling
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Membrane Separations
Membrane Separations
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Study Notes
Green Chemistry and Pollution Prevention
- Green chemistry aims to avoid pollution by using "benign-by-design" processes.
- These processes ideally use non-toxic chemicals, produce minimal waste, conserve energy, and aid transition to a sustainable economy.
- Traditional environmental chemistry focuses on analyzing and removing pollutants from air, water, and soil.
- Green chemistry aims to prevent the generation of pollutants in the first place.
Public Perception and Toxicity
- Public perception of toxicity often differs from scientific testing.
- The idea that "natural" is better than "chemical" is inaccurate; many natural substances are potent biologically.
- Mycotoxins are a prime example with aflatoxins being potent carcinogens.
- Consumption of certain natural products containing poisons poses risk.
Chemical Accidents and Incidents
- Chemical accidents, fires, and explosions cause substantial economic losses and environmental damage.
- Chemical accidents in the US frequently involve deaths, injuries, evaucation, and significant environmental contamination.
- Examples include the Bhopal disaster, Exxon Valdez oil spill, and numerous other plant accidents and spills.
- Data collected from investigations help inform solutions and preventative measures.
- Accidents frequently involve issues with inadequate safety measures, faulty equipment, and improper disposal practices.
Chemical Releases and Environmental Impact
- 17 chemical releases exceeded the Bhopal disaster in volume and toxicity.
- Extensive damage to ecosystems often occurs in affected areas and have high costs to recover.
- Oil spills from ships have significant environmental consequences and recovery can take years.
- Examples include spills in various locations globally, causing marine ecological damage.
- The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 recommends measures to reduce future spills (e.g., double-hulled ships, tug escort zones).
Occupational Health and Safety
- Occupational illness and injury in the US cost billions of dollars annually.
- Common workplace injuries are repeated trauma-related disorders like carpal tunnel syndrome.
- Nearly two-thirds of workplace injuries were identified as disorders related to repeated trauma.
- This highlights the critical need for better safety measures and protocols.
Case Studies and Examples
- The book examines examples of chemical accidents, spills, and releases.
- Specific examples provided include toxic chemical releases in the US
- Numerous examples of manufacturing industries, plant accidents, fires, and spills are described.
- Accidents that highlight the need for improved safety standards are elaborated
- There are references to specific chemical releases with amounts, dates and locations of such accidents.
Chemical Recycling and Waste Management
- The recycling of valuable materials and safely disposing of toxic waste are highlighted as strategies that reduce environmental impact.
- Waste metal salts can be crucial trace elements in fertilizers but abuse in practice is problematic.
- Converting waste products into valuable resources by chemical processes is explored.
- Methods like using bipolar membranes to recycle sodium chloride back to its original constituents are described.
Data, Statistics, and Chemical Inventories
- The book uses data and statistics to illustrate the problems of chemical accidents and environmental pollution.
- Numeric data, including statistics, volumes of chemical releases, financial losses from incidents, and health problems, demonstrate the magnitude of the issue.
- Data on chemical accidents and releases are presented in tables (e.g., Toxic Release Inventory).
- Quantifiable data on accidents and damages further highlight the need for prevention and safety measures.
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