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Questions and Answers
What was a major contributing factor to the negative image of chemistry from the '60s to the '80s?
What was a major contributing factor to the negative image of chemistry from the '60s to the '80s?
- Development of chemical safety regulations
- Increased public awareness of chemistry
- Advancements in green chemistry
- Limited attention to environmental impact (correct)
Green chemistry principles are not compatible with R&D industrial philosophy.
Green chemistry principles are not compatible with R&D industrial philosophy.
False (B)
What does the Atom Economy (AE) calculate?
What does the Atom Economy (AE) calculate?
The ratio of the molecular weight of products to the molecular weight of reactants.
The E-factor takes into account the ________ yield and includes reagents and solvents.
The E-factor takes into account the ________ yield and includes reagents and solvents.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What percentage increase in Atom Economy was achieved in the Boots process for ibuprofen from 1962 to 1992?
What percentage increase in Atom Economy was achieved in the Boots process for ibuprofen from 1962 to 1992?
Carbon Efficiency considers only the yield of the reactants.
Carbon Efficiency considers only the yield of the reactants.
What is the formula for Effective Mass Yield (EMY)?
What is the formula for Effective Mass Yield (EMY)?
The ________ is the total waste divided by the product in tons.
The ________ is the total waste divided by the product in tons.
What is the primary use of epoxy resins?
What is the primary use of epoxy resins?
BISPHENOL A can be synthesized from phenol and acetone.
BISPHENOL A can be synthesized from phenol and acetone.
What chemical is used to synthesize epiclorohydrin in the classical process?
What chemical is used to synthesize epiclorohydrin in the classical process?
The reaction of epiclorohydrin with a diamine results in a highly ______ structure.
The reaction of epiclorohydrin with a diamine results in a highly ______ structure.
Which condition favors the radical substitution in the process of producing allyl chloride?
Which condition favors the radical substitution in the process of producing allyl chloride?
A large excess of epichlorohydrin results in a material with high viscosity.
A large excess of epichlorohydrin results in a material with high viscosity.
What follows the reaction of the main component to form epoxy resin?
What follows the reaction of the main component to form epoxy resin?
The addition of Cl2 on an olefin can theoretically yield ______ chloride.
The addition of Cl2 on an olefin can theoretically yield ______ chloride.
Match the following components with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following components with their corresponding descriptions:
What type of structure results from a four-way reaction of a nitrogen atom with epoxylic functions?
What type of structure results from a four-way reaction of a nitrogen atom with epoxylic functions?
What parameter is NOT mentioned as a main factor determining the partitioning of anions between aqueous and organic phases?
What parameter is NOT mentioned as a main factor determining the partitioning of anions between aqueous and organic phases?
A high value of the selectivity constant KX→YSel indicates unfavorability in the phase transfer catalysis reaction.
A high value of the selectivity constant KX→YSel indicates unfavorability in the phase transfer catalysis reaction.
What does the presence of more polarizable anions in the organic phase indicate about their partitioning behavior?
What does the presence of more polarizable anions in the organic phase indicate about their partitioning behavior?
The competition between the reactant X- and the leaving anions Y- for association with the quaternary cation Q+ determines the value of the _____ constant.
The competition between the reactant X- and the leaving anions Y- for association with the quaternary cation Q+ determines the value of the _____ constant.
Match the parameters to their effects on anion partitioning:
Match the parameters to their effects on anion partitioning:
Which of the following characteristics describes anions that partition favorably into the organic phase?
Which of the following characteristics describes anions that partition favorably into the organic phase?
What is the thermodynamic favorability of the initial reaction of the oxyradical with propene compared to ethene?
What is the thermodynamic favorability of the initial reaction of the oxyradical with propene compared to ethene?
The abstraction of one of the gamma-H atoms in the propene epoxide precursor can lead to the formation of a complete combustion product.
The abstraction of one of the gamma-H atoms in the propene epoxide precursor can lead to the formation of a complete combustion product.
What is the main role of a phase transfer catalyst (PTC)?
What is the main role of a phase transfer catalyst (PTC)?
Phase transfer catalysis is used to carry out reactions between two or more reagents located in __________.
Phase transfer catalysis is used to carry out reactions between two or more reagents located in __________.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What problem is associated with the propene epoxide precursor?
What problem is associated with the propene epoxide precursor?
The distance between different O atoms on the surface is greater than the distance that gamma-H atoms can reach.
The distance between different O atoms on the surface is greater than the distance that gamma-H atoms can reach.
What is the significance of 'anion promoted reactions' in phase transfer catalysis?
What is the significance of 'anion promoted reactions' in phase transfer catalysis?
An anionic reagent is transferred into the organic phase as an __________ with the cation catalyst.
An anionic reagent is transferred into the organic phase as an __________ with the cation catalyst.
Which statement best describes the issue with propene compared to ethene in epoxidation?
Which statement best describes the issue with propene compared to ethene in epoxidation?
What type of solvents are used to solve low interactions with Cations during ion promoted reactions?
What type of solvents are used to solve low interactions with Cations during ion promoted reactions?
Liquid-liquid PTC is based on the contact between two soluble liquids.
Liquid-liquid PTC is based on the contact between two soluble liquids.
What is the primary advantage of solid-liquid PTC?
What is the primary advantage of solid-liquid PTC?
An optimal condition for ion promoted reactions requires virtually unsolvated ______.
An optimal condition for ion promoted reactions requires virtually unsolvated ______.
Match the type of PTC with its description:
Match the type of PTC with its description:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of optimal conditions for ion promoted reactions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of optimal conditions for ion promoted reactions?
A PTC reaction can be driven by a single kinetic constant.
A PTC reaction can be driven by a single kinetic constant.
What does PTC stand for?
What does PTC stand for?
The first developed type of PTC was ______ PTC.
The first developed type of PTC was ______ PTC.
What is the main purpose of using big structured cation molecules in ion promoted reactions?
What is the main purpose of using big structured cation molecules in ion promoted reactions?
Study Notes
Negative Image of Chemistry
- From the 1960s to 1980s, chemistry faced criticism due to environmental and health impacts.
- Chemical plant growth and concentration led to major accidents, raising public awareness of potential harms.
- Resulted in the establishment of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry aimed at sustainability.
Principles of Green Chemistry
- Align with R&D economic goals, emphasizing high yield, low by-products, and eco-compatibility.
- Focus on direct conversion processes, catalytic processes, and maintenance of moderate temperature and pressure.
Measures of Sustainability
- Atom Economy (AE): Calculation based on stoichiometry to assess efficiency (AE = [MWproduct/MWreactants] x 100).
- E-factor: Considers reaction yield and includes all waste generated in the process (E-factor = total waste (tons)/product (tons)).
- Atom Efficiency: Combines Yield and AE for overall effectiveness.
- Effective Mass Yield (EMY): Reflects the relationship between desired products and non-benign materials.
- Carbon Efficiency: Measures carbon retention from reactants in outcomes, relevant to greenhouse gas emissions.
- Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME): Assesses the ratio of remaining mass in reactants compared to products.
Case Study: Ibuprofen Production
- Modification of the 1962 Boots process improved Atom Economy from 40% to 77% in 1992.
Applications: Epoxy Resins
- Bisphenol A is key to producing epoxy resins, used in adhesives, coatings, and anticorrosion paints.
- Viscosity and chemical resistance are adjusted by altering epichlorohydrin amounts during production.
Synthesis of Epichlorohydrin
- Produced from Bisphenol A (via phenol and acetone) and can be synthesized through classical methods.
- Classical process involves treating allyl chloride with hypochlorous acid, yielding dichloropropanol, further processed to epichlorohydrin.
Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC)
- PTC promotes reactions between reagents in different phases, facilitating their contact through transportation.
- Utilizes anionic reagents transferred to organic phases, enhancing reaction efficiency.
Types of Phase Transfer Catalysis
- Liquid-Liquid PTC: Involves reactions between two insoluble liquids, typically organic and aqueous phases.
- Solid-Liquid PTC: Uses a solid phase for extracting anions, aiding in easy separation of phases.
Key Factors in PTC Reactions
- Reactions are guided by constants regulating kinetic and equilibrium behaviors, such as selectivity constant related to anionic competition.
- Factors influencing anion partitioning include charge-to-volume ratio, electronegativity, hydration energy, and structure.
Summary of Anionic Affinities
- More polarizable, less electronegative, and weakly hydrated anions tend toward more favorable partitioning into organic phases, exhibiting greater reactivity in PTC reactions.
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Description
This quiz explores the impact of chemical practices on the environment and human health from the 1960s to the 1980s. It highlights the rise of awareness regarding chemical accidents and the introduction of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. Test your knowledge on how these principles aim to minimize the negative effects of chemistry.
