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Green Chemistry Principles
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Green Chemistry Principles

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@SmittenGradient

Questions and Answers

What was a major contributing factor to the negative image of chemistry from the '60s to the '80s?

  • Development of chemical safety regulations
  • Increased public awareness of chemistry
  • Advancements in green chemistry
  • Limited attention to environmental impact (correct)

    • Green chemistry principles are not compatible with R&D industrial philosophy.

    False

    What does the Atom Economy (AE) calculate?

    The ratio of the molecular weight of products to the molecular weight of reactants.

    The E-factor takes into account the ________ yield and includes reagents and solvents.

    <p>reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Atom Efficiency = Percentage of product in reactants Effective Mass Yield = Desired products over all non-benign materials Carbon Efficiency = Percentage of carbon that remains in the final product Reaction Mass Efficiency = Mass of reactants remaining in products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase in Atom Economy was achieved in the Boots process for ibuprofen from 1962 to 1992?

    <p>37%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon Efficiency considers only the yield of the reactants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Effective Mass Yield (EMY)?

    <p>EMY = [Desired products (tons) / All non-benign materials (tons)] x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is the total waste divided by the product in tons.

    <p>E-factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of epoxy resins?

    <p>Adhesives, coatings, and anticorrosion paints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BISPHENOL A can be synthesized from phenol and acetone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemical is used to synthesize epiclorohydrin in the classical process?

    <p>Allyl chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reaction of epiclorohydrin with a diamine results in a highly ______ structure.

    <p>cross-linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition favors the radical substitution in the process of producing allyl chloride?

    <p>High temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A large excess of epichlorohydrin results in a material with high viscosity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What follows the reaction of the main component to form epoxy resin?

    <p>Reaction with a diamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The addition of Cl2 on an olefin can theoretically yield ______ chloride.

    <p>allyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>BISPHENOL A = Generated from phenol and acetone Epichlorohydrin = Synthesized with allyl chloride Dichloropropanol = Intermediate product of classic process Diamine = Reactant for forming epoxy resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structure results from a four-way reaction of a nitrogen atom with epoxylic functions?

    <p>Highly cross-linked and complex structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parameter is NOT mentioned as a main factor determining the partitioning of anions between aqueous and organic phases?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high value of the selectivity constant KX→YSel indicates unfavorability in the phase transfer catalysis reaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of more polarizable anions in the organic phase indicate about their partitioning behavior?

    <p>They are more favorably partitioned into the organic phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The competition between the reactant X- and the leaving anions Y- for association with the quaternary cation Q+ determines the value of the _____ constant.

    <p>selectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parameters to their effects on anion partitioning:

    <p>Charge-to-Volume Ratio = Influences the ability to stabilize the ion pair Electronegativity = Determines the tendency to hold onto electrons Hydration Energy = Affects how readily anion can leave aqueous phase Structure = Impacts the solubility of the anion in organic solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics describes anions that partition favorably into the organic phase?

    <p>Organic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermodynamic favorability of the initial reaction of the oxyradical with propene compared to ethene?

    <p>21 kJ/mol for ethene, 29 kJ/mol for propene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abstraction of one of the gamma-H atoms in the propene epoxide precursor can lead to the formation of a complete combustion product.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of a phase transfer catalyst (PTC)?

    <p>To transport one reactant from a phase to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phase transfer catalysis is used to carry out reactions between two or more reagents located in __________.

    <p>two or more contiguous phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Oxyradical = A reactive species that can cause epoxidation Gamma-H atoms = Hydrogen atoms involved in the abstraction reaction Phase Transfer Catalysis = Technique for transporting reactants across phases Anionic Reagent = Reagent that transfers into the organic phase as an ion pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem is associated with the propene epoxide precursor?

    <p>The presence of alternative reaction pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distance between different O atoms on the surface is greater than the distance that gamma-H atoms can reach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'anion promoted reactions' in phase transfer catalysis?

    <p>They involve the transfer of an anionic reagent into the organic phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An anionic reagent is transferred into the organic phase as an __________ with the cation catalyst.

    <p>ion pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the issue with propene compared to ethene in epoxidation?

    <p>Propene offers an additional reaction pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solvents are used to solve low interactions with Cations during ion promoted reactions?

    <p>Dipolar aprotic solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liquid-liquid PTC is based on the contact between two soluble liquids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of solid-liquid PTC?

    <p>It allows for the use of a solid phase to facilitate the separation of the two phases by simple filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An optimal condition for ion promoted reactions requires virtually unsolvated ______.

    <p>anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of PTC with its description:

    <p>Liquid-liquid PTC = Uses two insoluble liquids Solid-liquid PTC = Involves a solid phase for separation Diprolic aprotic solvents = Minimize interaction with cations Big structured cation molecules = Reduce interaction with anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of optimal conditions for ion promoted reactions?

    <p>High solvation of anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A PTC reaction can be driven by a single kinetic constant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PTC stand for?

    <p>Phase Transfer Catalyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first developed type of PTC was ______ PTC.

    <p>liquid-liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using big structured cation molecules in ion promoted reactions?

    <p>To decrease interaction with anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Negative Image of Chemistry

    • From the 1960s to 1980s, chemistry faced criticism due to environmental and health impacts.
    • Chemical plant growth and concentration led to major accidents, raising public awareness of potential harms.
    • Resulted in the establishment of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry aimed at sustainability.

    Principles of Green Chemistry

    • Align with R&D economic goals, emphasizing high yield, low by-products, and eco-compatibility.
    • Focus on direct conversion processes, catalytic processes, and maintenance of moderate temperature and pressure.

    Measures of Sustainability

    • Atom Economy (AE): Calculation based on stoichiometry to assess efficiency (AE = [MWproduct/MWreactants] x 100).
    • E-factor: Considers reaction yield and includes all waste generated in the process (E-factor = total waste (tons)/product (tons)).
    • Atom Efficiency: Combines Yield and AE for overall effectiveness.
    • Effective Mass Yield (EMY): Reflects the relationship between desired products and non-benign materials.
    • Carbon Efficiency: Measures carbon retention from reactants in outcomes, relevant to greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME): Assesses the ratio of remaining mass in reactants compared to products.

    Case Study: Ibuprofen Production

    • Modification of the 1962 Boots process improved Atom Economy from 40% to 77% in 1992.

    Applications: Epoxy Resins

    • Bisphenol A is key to producing epoxy resins, used in adhesives, coatings, and anticorrosion paints.
    • Viscosity and chemical resistance are adjusted by altering epichlorohydrin amounts during production.

    Synthesis of Epichlorohydrin

    • Produced from Bisphenol A (via phenol and acetone) and can be synthesized through classical methods.
    • Classical process involves treating allyl chloride with hypochlorous acid, yielding dichloropropanol, further processed to epichlorohydrin.

    Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC)

    • PTC promotes reactions between reagents in different phases, facilitating their contact through transportation.
    • Utilizes anionic reagents transferred to organic phases, enhancing reaction efficiency.

    Types of Phase Transfer Catalysis

    • Liquid-Liquid PTC: Involves reactions between two insoluble liquids, typically organic and aqueous phases.
    • Solid-Liquid PTC: Uses a solid phase for extracting anions, aiding in easy separation of phases.

    Key Factors in PTC Reactions

    • Reactions are guided by constants regulating kinetic and equilibrium behaviors, such as selectivity constant related to anionic competition.
    • Factors influencing anion partitioning include charge-to-volume ratio, electronegativity, hydration energy, and structure.

    Summary of Anionic Affinities

    • More polarizable, less electronegative, and weakly hydrated anions tend toward more favorable partitioning into organic phases, exhibiting greater reactivity in PTC reactions.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the impact of chemical practices on the environment and human health from the 1960s to the 1980s. It highlights the rise of awareness regarding chemical accidents and the introduction of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. Test your knowledge on how these principles aim to minimize the negative effects of chemistry.

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