Gravitational Concepts and Kepler's Laws
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Questions and Answers

Complete the following statement: Near the surface of the earth, the weight of an object

  • has the same value regardless of the altitude above the surface of the earth
  • is the gravitational force of the earth on the object (correct)
  • has the same value regardless of the mass of the object
  • is the same as the mass of the object

    • Two objects with masses m and M are separated by a distance d. If the distance between the objects is increased to 4d, how does the gravitational force between them change?

  • The force will be sixteen times as great
  • The force will be four times as great
  • The force will be one-half as great
  • The force will be one-fourth as great
  • The force will be one-sixteenth as great (correct)

    • Reasons why the value of acceleration due to gravity is not the same everywhere on earth

    The Earth is not spherical, the Earth is rotating on an axis, the matter from which Earth is made is not uniformly distributed or of uniform density.

    Does the location of the moon in its orbit affect the value of g?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypothetically speaking, if an object were located at the center of the Earth, the gravitational force on that object due to the surrounding Earth would have which of the following values?

    <p>The force would be zero newtons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following statements represents the Law of Periods?

    <p>The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider the following eccentricities of the orbits. Which of these eccentricity values is most circular?

    <p>e = 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Kepler's laws?

    <p>Law of Orbits, Law of Areas, Law of Periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of orbits?

    <p>All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an orbit?

    <p>Semimajor axis and the eccentricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is eccentricity?

    <p>Measure of how circular; e=0 means circle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of areas?

    <p>Rate at which it sweeps area; equivalent to the law of conservation of angular momentum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the law of periods?

    <p>Square of a period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gravitational potential energy?

    <p>It is a property of a pair of particles and cannot be divided between the pair; it is considered a conservative force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shell theorem?

    <p>Gravitational attraction for objects; a uniform shell of matter exerts no net gravitational force on a particle located inside it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the branch of physics called that involves the study and application of the thermal energy of systems?

    <p>Thermodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the Kelvin temperature scale?

    <p>It is based on the fact that there is a lower limit to temperature called absolute zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the zeroth law of thermodynamics concern?

    <p>The circumstances under which objects are in thermal equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following variables is the best indicator of thermal equilibrium between two systems in thermal contact?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete the following statement: A temperature decrease of 30 C° is equal to a temperature decrease of

    <p>30 K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three thermometers are in the same water bath. After thermal equilibrium is established, it is found that the Celsius thermometer reads 100 °C, the Fahrenheit thermometer reads 212 °F, and the Kelvin thermometer reads 273 K. Which one of the following statements is the most reasonable conclusion?

    <p>The Kelvin thermometer is incorrect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On one very cold winter evening, iron pipes containing water burst open. What caused this catastrophe?

    <p>When water freezes, it expands. This expansion of the water could not be stopped by the iron pipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete the following statement: The term heat most accurately describes

    <p>The flow of energy due to a temperature difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heat is expressed in the same units as which one of the following quantities?

    <p>Work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

    <p>Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if they are at the same temperature throughout and therefore no heat will flow from one body to the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is absolute zero?

    <p>There is a temperature, −273.15°C, at which the absolute pressure of any gas would become zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kelvin, what is the extrapolated temperature at which a gas would exert no pressure?

    <p>0 K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the temperature increases, does the average distance between atoms increase or decrease?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If we change the temperature of a rod but prevent it from expanding or contracting, what develops?

    <p>Thermal stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a calorie?

    <p>A calorie (abbreviated cal) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conduction?

    <p>Conduction occurs within a body or between two bodies in contact and flows from higher to lower temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is convection?

    <p>Convection depends on motion of mass from one region of space to another. The transfer of heat by the mass motion of a fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is radiation?

    <p>Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation, such as sunshine, with no need for matter to be present in the space between bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gravitational Concepts

    • Weight of an object near Earth's surface is the gravitational force exerted by Earth on the object.
    • Gravitational force between two masses decreases when distance increases; increasing distance to 4d results in force becoming one-sixteenth as great.
    • Variations in the acceleration due to gravity across Earth are due to the planet's non-spherical shape, rotation, and uneven mass distribution.
    • Location of the Moon in its orbit does not affect the value of gravitational acceleration (g).
    • At the Earth's center, gravitational force on an object would be zero newtons due to uniform distribution of matter.

    Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

    • Kepler's laws include: Law of Orbits (planets move in ellipses), Law of Areas (sweeping areas at the same rate), and Law of Periods (square of the period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis).
    • Eccentricity value of zero indicates a perfectly circular orbit; higher values indicate more elongated orbits.

    Thermodynamics Principles

    • The branch of physics studying thermal energy and its applications is called thermodynamics.
    • Kelvin temperature scale is unique as it has an absolute zero limit, representing no thermal energy.
    • Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics establishes thermal equilibrium, indicating two bodies don’t exchange heat if at the same temperature.
    • Thermal equilibrium is best indicated by the temperature of systems in contact.

    Temperature Scales and Changes

    • A decrease of 30°C equates to a decrease of 30 K, as both scales measure temperature change equally.
    • Observations of thermometers in thermal equilibrium (Celsius at 100°C, Fahrenheit at 212°F, Kelvin at 273K) suggest that the Kelvin thermometer is accurate.
    • Water expands upon freezing, which can cause pipes to burst when water freezes within them.

    Heat Transfer Mechanisms

    • Heat describes the flow of energy due to a temperature difference and is measured in the same units as work.
    • Conduction occurs through direct contact, convection involves mass movement of fluids, and radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves without needing matter.

    Special Terms

    • Gravitational potential energy is linked to a pair of particles and can't be separated between them; it is a conservative force.
    • Shell theorem states a uniform shell of matter exerts no net gravitational force on a particle within it.
    • Calorie is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of gravitational concepts and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This quiz covers essential topics such as gravitational force, variations in acceleration due to gravity, and the characteristics of orbits as described by Kepler. Explore the fascinating laws that govern celestial movements and understand the dynamics of our universe.

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