Grammar: Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:
  • Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea
  • Verbs: action or state of being
  • Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
  • Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Pronouns: replace nouns
  • Prepositions: show relationship between words
  • Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
  • Interjections: express emotion
• Sentence Structure:
  • Independent clauses: complete thought
  • Dependent clauses: not a complete thought
  • Compound sentences: two independent clauses joined by conjunction
  • Complex sentences: independent clause + dependent clause
  • Compound-complex sentences: multiple independent and dependent clauses
• Tense and Aspect:
  • Present: happening now
  • Past: happened in the past
  • Future: will happen
  • Continuous/Progressive: ongoing action
  • Perfect: completed action
  • Perfect Continuous: ongoing action before a specific time

Vocabulary

• Word Origins:
  • Latin and Greek roots: many English words derived from these languages
  • Germanic and Old English: influences from Anglo-Saxon period
• Word Formation:
  • Prefixes: added to beginning of words
  • Suffixes: added to end of words
  • Compounding: combining two words
  • Blending: combining parts of words
• Connotations and Nuances:
  • Denotation: literal meaning
  • Connotation: emotional or cultural association
  • Idioms and colloquialisms: figurative language

Composition

• Writing Process:
  • Pre-writing: planning and brainstorming
  • Writing: drafting and revising
  • Editing: refining and proofreading
  • Publishing: sharing the final product
• Essay Structure:
  • Introduction: hook, background, thesis
  • Body: supporting details and evidence
  • Conclusion: summary, reiteration, and final thought
• Rhetorical Devices:
  • Alliteration: repetition of initial sounds
  • Imagery: vivid sensory details
  • Metaphor: comparison without "like" or "as"
  • Hyperbole: exaggeration for emphasis

Grammar

• Parts of Speech: Nouns are people, places, things, or ideas; Verbs are actions or states of being; Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns; Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; Pronouns replace nouns; Prepositions show relationships between words; Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses; Interjections express emotion
• Sentence Structure: Independent clauses are complete thoughts; Dependent clauses are not complete thoughts; Compound sentences join two independent clauses with a conjunction; Complex sentences combine an independent clause with a dependent clause; Compound-complex sentences combine multiple independent and dependent clauses
• Tense and Aspect: Present tense describes actions happening now; Past tense describes actions that happened in the past; Future tense describes actions that will happen; Continuous/Progressive aspect describes ongoing actions; Perfect aspect describes completed actions; Perfect Continuous aspect describes ongoing actions before a specific time

Vocabulary

• Word Origins: Many English words come from Latin and Greek roots; Germanic and Old English also influenced the English language
• Word Formation: Prefixes are added to the beginning of words; Suffixes are added to the end of words; Compounding combines two words; Blending combines parts of words
• Connotations and Nuances: Denotation is the literal meaning of a word; Connotation is the emotional or cultural association of a word; Idioms and colloquialisms use figurative language

Composition

• Writing Process: Pre-writing involves planning and brainstorming; Writing involves drafting and revising; Editing involves refining and proofreading; Publishing involves sharing the final product
• Essay Structure: Introductions include a hook, background, and thesis; Bodies include supporting details and evidence; Conclusions include a summary, reiteration, and final thought
• Rhetorical Devices: Alliteration is the repetition of initial sounds; Imagery uses vivid sensory details; Metaphor is a comparison without "like" or "as"; Hyperbole is an exaggeration for emphasis

Grammar

• Parts of speech:
• Nouns represent people, places, things, and ideas
• Verbs express action or state of being
• Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
• Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
• Prepositions show relationships between words
• Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
• Interjections express emotion

Grammar (continued)

• Tenses:
• Present tense describes actions happening now
• Past tense describes actions that happened in the past
• Future tense describes actions that will happen in the future
• Clauses:
• Independent clauses are complete sentences with a subject and verb
• Dependent clauses cannot stand alone
• Sentence structure:
• Simple sentences have one independent clause
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses
• Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-complex sentences have multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Vocabulary

• Word types:
• Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings
• Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings
• Synonyms are words with similar meanings
• Antonyms are words with opposite meanings
• Idioms are phrases or expressions with non-literal meanings
• Word roots and prefixes:
• Roots provide the core meaning of a word
• Prefixes are letters or syllables added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
• Suffixes are letters or syllables added to the end of a word to change its meaning
• Context clues:
• Definition provides the meaning of a word in the sentence
• Synonym provides a nearby word with a similar meaning
• Antonym provides a nearby word with an opposite meaning
• Inference involves inferring the meaning of a word from the surrounding context

Composition

• Types of writing:
• Narrative tells a story or recounts an event
• Descriptive describes a person, place, or thing
• Expository explains or describes a topic
• Persuasive argues a point or tries to convince the reader
• Writing structure:
• Introduction grabs the reader's attention and provides background information
• Body provides supporting details and evidence
• Conclusion summarizes the main points and reiterates the thesis
• Writing techniques:
• Imagery uses sensory language to create vivid images
• Figurative language uses metaphors, similes, and other devices to create a specific tone or atmosphere
• Transitions use words or phrases to connect ideas and create a smooth flow