Grammar Fundamentals

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:

  • Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea
  • Verbs: action or state of being
  • Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
  • Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Pronouns: replace nouns
  • Prepositions: show relationships between words
  • Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
  • Interjections: express emotion or feeling

• Sentence Structure:

  • Simple sentences: one independent clause
  • Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses
  • Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
  • Compound-complex sentences: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

• Tense and Aspect:

  • Present tense: current action or state
  • Past tense: completed action or state
  • Future tense: future action or state
  • Perfect aspect: action started in the past and continues up to the present
  • Progressive aspect: action in progress at a specific time

Vocabulary

• Word Formation:

  • Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
  • Suffixes: added to the end of a word to change its meaning
  • Roots: central part of a word that carries the main meaning
  • Compounding: combining two or more words to create a new word

• Word Types:

  • Homophones: words that sound the same but have different meanings
  • Homographs: words that are spelled the same but have different meanings
  • Synonyms: words that have similar meanings
  • Antonyms: words that have opposite meanings

• Idiomatic Expressions:

  • Idioms: phrases or expressions with non-literal meanings
  • Colloquialisms: informal expressions used in everyday conversation
  • Proverbs: short sayings that express a general truth or piece of advice

Grammar

• Parts of Speech:
  • Nouns represent a person, place, thing, or idea
  • Verbs denote action or a state of being
  • Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns, describing their qualities
  • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating manner, time, place, or degree
  • Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence, referring to a person, thing, or idea
  • Prepositions show relationships between words, such as location, direction, or possession
  • Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
  • Interjections express emotion or feeling, often used to convey sudden emotions

Sentence Structure

+ Simple sentences consist of one independent clause
+ Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses
+ Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
+ Compound-complex sentences feature two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Tense and Aspect

+ Present tense describes current action or state
+ Past tense represents completed action or state
+ Future tense indicates future action or state
+ Perfect aspect describes an action started in the past and continuing up to the present
+ Progressive aspect denotes an action in progress at a specific time

Vocabulary

Word Formation

+ Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
+ Suffixes are added to the end of a word to change its meaning
+ Roots are the central part of a word, carrying the main meaning
+ Compounding combines two or more words to create a new word

Word Types

+ Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings
+ Homographs are words spelled the same but with different meanings
+ Synonyms are words with similar meanings
+ Antonyms are words with opposite meanings

Idiomatic Expressions

+ Idioms are phrases or expressions with non-literal meanings
+ Colloquialisms are informal expressions used in everyday conversation
+ Proverbs are short sayings that express a general truth or piece of advice