Grammar Fundamentals

Study Notes

Grammar

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: person, place, thing, or idea
- Verbs: action or state of being
- Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
- Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Pronouns: replace nouns
- Prepositions: show relationships between words
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Interjections: express emotion or feeling
Sentence Structure:
- Simple sentences: one independent clause
- Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses
- Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Compound-complex sentences: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
Tense and Aspect:
- Present tense: current action or state
- Past tense: completed action or state
- Future tense: future action or state
- Perfect aspect: action started in the past and continues up to the present
- Progressive aspect: action in progress at a specific time

Vocabulary

Word Formation:
- Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
- Suffixes: added to the end of a word to change its meaning
- Roots: central part of a word that carries the main meaning
- Compounding: combining two or more words to create a new word
Word Types:
- Homophones: words that sound the same but have different meanings
- Homographs: words that are spelled the same but have different meanings
- Synonyms: words that have similar meanings
- Antonyms: words that have opposite meanings
Idiomatic Expressions:
- Idioms: phrases or expressions with non-literal meanings
- Colloquialisms: informal expressions used in everyday conversation
- Proverbs: short sayings that express a general truth or piece of advice

Grammar

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns represent a person, place, thing, or idea
- Verbs denote action or a state of being
- Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns, describing their qualities
- Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating manner, time, place, or degree
- Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence, referring to a person, thing, or idea
- Prepositions show relationships between words, such as location, direction, or possession
- Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
- Interjections express emotion or feeling, often used to convey sudden emotions

Sentence Structure

+ Simple sentences consist of one independent clause
+ Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses
+ Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
+ Compound-complex sentences feature two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Tense and Aspect

+ Present tense describes current action or state
+ Past tense represents completed action or state
+ Future tense indicates future action or state
+ Perfect aspect describes an action started in the past and continuing up to the present
+ Progressive aspect denotes an action in progress at a specific time

Vocabulary

Word Formation

+ Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning
+ Suffixes are added to the end of a word to change its meaning
+ Roots are the central part of a word, carrying the main meaning
+ Compounding combines two or more words to create a new word

Word Types

+ Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings
+ Homographs are words spelled the same but with different meanings
+ Synonyms are words with similar meanings
+ Antonyms are words with opposite meanings

Idiomatic Expressions

+ Idioms are phrases or expressions with non-literal meanings
+ Colloquialisms are informal expressions used in everyday conversation
+ Proverbs are short sayings that express a general truth or piece of advice