English Grammar Fundamentals

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns: person, place, thing, idea
- Verbs: action, linking, helping
- Adjectives: describe nouns
- Adverbs: describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Pronouns: replace nouns
- Prepositions: show relationships
- Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
Clause Structure:
- Independent clause: complete thought
- Dependent clause: incomplete thought
- Relative clause: provides additional information
Tense and Aspect:
- Present: happening now
- Past: happened in the past
- Future: will happen
- Perfect: completed at a specific point in time
- Progressive: ongoing action
Sentence Structure:
- Simple sentence: one independent clause
- Compound sentence: two or more independent clauses
- Complex sentence: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Compound-complex sentence: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Word Choice:
- Denotation: literal meaning
- Connotation: emotional association
- Synonyms: words with similar meanings
- Antonyms: words with opposite meanings
Word Formation:
- Prefixes: added to beginning of words
- Suffixes: added to end of words
- Roots: base words
- Compounding: combining words
Idioms and Collocations:
- Idioms: fixed expressions with unique meanings
- Collocations: words that frequently occur together

Literary Devices:
- Imagery: sensory descriptions
- Symbolism: objects with deeper meanings
- Irony: contrast between expected and actual outcome
- Allusion: reference to external text or event
Character Analysis:
- Characterization: methods used to develop characters
- Character traits: characteristics that define a character
- Character development: changes in character throughout the text
Themes:
- Central idea or message of the text
- Supported by literary devices and character analysis

Strategies:
- Active reading: engaging with the text
- Close reading: detailed analysis of the text
- Summarizing: condensing main ideas
- Questioning: asking questions about the text
Types of Texts:
- Fiction: imaginative writing
- Nonfiction: factual writing
- Poetry: expressive writing
- Drama: script-based writing
Comprehension Skills:
- Identifying main ideas and supporting details
- Making inferences and drawing conclusions
- Identifying author's purpose and tone

Types of Writing:
- Narrative: storytelling
- Descriptive: detailed descriptions
- Expository: informative writing
- Persuasive: convincing the reader
Writing Process:
- Pre-writing: brainstorming and planning
- Writing: drafting and revising
- Post-writing: editing and publishing
Effective Writing:
- Clear thesis statement
- Organized structure
- Strong supporting evidence
- Engaging language and tone

Parts of Speech:
- Nouns represent people, places, things, or ideas
- Verbs can be action verbs, linking verbs, or helping verbs
- Adjectives describe or modify nouns
- Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
- Prepositions show relationships between words
- Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
Clause Structure:
- Independent clauses express complete thoughts
- Dependent clauses express incomplete thoughts
- Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun
Tense and Aspect:
- Present tense describes actions happening now
- Past tense describes completed actions
- Future tense describes actions that will happen
- Perfect tenses describe actions completed at a specific point in time
- Progressive tenses describe ongoing actions

Word Choice:
- Denotation is the literal meaning of a word
- Connotation is the emotional association with a word
- Synonyms are words with similar meanings
- Antonyms are words with opposite meanings
Word Formation:
- Prefixes are added to the beginning of words to change their meaning
- Suffixes are added to the end of words to change their meaning
- Roots are base words that can be modified with prefixes and suffixes
- Compounding involves combining words to create a new word
Idioms and Collocations:
- Idioms are fixed expressions with unique meanings
- Collocations are words that frequently occur together in a language

Literary Devices:
- Imagery uses sensory details to create vivid descriptions
- Symbolism involves using objects to represent abstract ideas
- Irony involves a contrast between expected and actual outcomes
- Allusions reference external texts or events to add depth to the narrative
Character Analysis:
- Characterization involves methods used to develop characters
- Character traits are characteristics that define a character
- Character development involves changes in character throughout the text
Themes:
- Themes are central ideas or messages of the text
- Themes are supported by literary devices and character analysis

Strategies:
- Active reading involves engaging with the text
- Close reading involves detailed analysis of the text
- Summarizing involves condensing main ideas into a shorter form
- Questioning involves asking questions about the text
Types of Texts:
- Fiction involves imaginative writing
- Nonfiction involves factual writing
- Poetry involves expressive writing
- Drama involves script-based writing
Comprehension Skills:
- Identifying main ideas and supporting details
- Making inferences and drawing conclusions
- Identifying author's purpose and tone

Types of Writing:
- Narrative writing involves storytelling
- Descriptive writing involves detailed descriptions
- Expository writing involves informing or explaining
- Persuasive writing involves convincing the reader
Writing Process:
- Pre-writing involves brainstorming and planning
- Writing involves drafting and revising
- Post-writing involves editing and publishing
Effective Writing:
- Clear thesis statements guide the writing
- Organized structures help to convey the message
- Strong supporting evidence is provided
- Engaging language and tone help to capture the reader's attention