Grammar Clauses and Phrases

Grammar

Clauses

• Independent clause: a complete sentence that expresses a complete thought
• Dependent clause: a group of words that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Relative clause: a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that)
• Subordinate clause: a dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction (because, although, if, unless, while)

Phrases

• Noun phrase: a phrase that functions as a noun in a sentence
• Verb phrase: a phrase that functions as a verb in a sentence
• Adjective phrase: a phrase that functions as an adjective in a sentence
• Adverb phrase: a phrase that functions as an adverb in a sentence

Tenses

• Present tense: used to describe an action that is happening now
  • Examples: I am studying, she is reading
• Past tense: used to describe an action that happened in the past
  • Examples: I studied, she read
• Future tense: used to describe an action that will happen in the future
  • Examples: I will study, she will read

Modals

• Can: used to express ability or possibility
• Could: used to express ability or possibility in the past
• May: used to express permission or possibility
• Might: used to express possibility or uncertainty
• Shall: used to express future action or intention
• Should: used to express obligation or recommendation
• Will: used to express future action or intention
• Would: used to express past habit or possibility

Active and Passive Voice

• Active voice: the subject performs the action
  • Example: The dog bites the man.
• Passive voice: the subject receives the action
  • Example: The man was bitten by the dog.

Syntax

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentence: a sentence with one independent clause
• Compound sentence: a sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex sentence: a sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-complex sentence: a sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Word Order

• SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order: the most common word order in English sentences
• SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) word order: used in some sentences for emphasis or clarity
• OSV (Object-Subject-Verb) word order: used in some sentences for emphasis or clarity

Modifiers

• Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
• Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
• Phrasal modifiers: phrases that function as adjectives or adverbs

Grammar

Clauses

• Independent clause: expresses a complete thought
• Dependent clause: cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Relative clause: begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that)
• Subordinate clause: begins with a subordinating conjunction (because, although, if, unless, while)

Phrases

• Noun phrase: functions as a noun in a sentence
• Verb phrase: functions as a verb in a sentence
• Adjective phrase: functions as an adjective in a sentence
• Adverb phrase: functions as an adverb in a sentence

Tenses

• Present tense: describes an action happening now
  • Examples: I am studying, she is reading
• Past tense: describes an action that happened in the past
  • Examples: I studied, she read
• Future tense: describes an action that will happen in the future
  • Examples: I will study, she will read

Modals

• Can: expresses ability or possibility
• Could: expresses ability or possibility in the past
• May: expresses permission or possibility
• Might: expresses possibility or uncertainty
• Shall: expresses future action or intention
• Should: expresses obligation or recommendation
• Will: expresses future action or intention
• Would: expresses past habit or possibility

Active and Passive Voice

• Active voice: subject performs the action
  • Example: The dog bites the man
• Passive voice: subject receives the action
  • Example: The man was bitten by the dog

Syntax

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentence: one independent clause
• Compound sentence: two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex sentence: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-complex sentence: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Word Order

• SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order: most common in English sentences
• SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) word order: used for emphasis or clarity
• OSV (Object-Subject-Verb) word order: used for emphasis or clarity

Modifiers

• Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
• Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
• Phrasal modifiers: phrases that function as adjectives or adverbs

This quiz covers the different types of clauses and phrases in grammar, including independent and dependent clauses, relative clauses, subordinate clauses, noun phrases, and more.