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Questions and Answers
What disease is primarily caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Which transmission method is associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae for neonates?
What is the recommended treatment for uncomplicated cases of gonorrhea?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Moraxella catarrhalis?
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What type of infections is Veillonella parvula typically associated with?
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What type of bacteria is Neisseria meningitidis classified as?
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What is a primary route of transmission for Neisseria meningitidis?
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Which of the following is a risk factor for meningitis?
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Which of the following treatments is effective against Neisseria meningitidis?
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The characteristic skin rash associated with meningococcal septicemia is referred to as what?
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What is the primary component of the vaccine used for prevention of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about Neisseria meningitidis?
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What indicates the presence of Neisseria meningitidis in a Gram stain?
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Study Notes
Gram-Negative Cocci
- Gram-negative cocci are a group of bacteria that includes Neisseria, Moraxella, and Kingella.
- They are oxidase-positive except for Acinetobacter.
- Neisseria and Moraxella are catalase-positive, while Kingella are catalase-negative.
Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
- Habitat: Human upper respiratory tract
-
Diseases:
- Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (brain and spinal cord).
- Meningococcemia: Bacterial infection of the bloodstream.
- Transmission: Via respiratory droplets.
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Diagnosis:
- Gram-negative "kidney-bean" shaped diplococci.
- Oxidase-positive.
- Large polysaccharide capsule.
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Risk factors for meningitis:
- Skipping vaccinations.
- Age.
- Living in a community setting.
- Pregnancy.
- Weakened immune system.
- Environmental factors like low humidity.
-
Pathogenesis:
- Reaches the meninges via the bloodstream.
- Endotoxin in cell wall causes symptoms of septic shock.
- Produces IgA protease.
- Capsule is antiphagocytic.
- Characteristic skin rash (purpura) of meningococcal septicemia.
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Treatment:
- Penicillin G (no significant resistance).
-
Prevention:
- Vaccine contains capsular polysaccharides of strains A, C, Y & W-135.
- Two types exist: one with polysaccharides coupled to a carrier protein (diphtheria toxoid) and another with only polysaccharides.
- Rifampin or ciprofloxacin given to close contacts to decrease oropharyngeal carriage.
- Vaccine contains capsular polysaccharides of strains A, C, Y & W-135.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)
- Habitat: Human genital tract.
-
Diseases:
- Gonorrhea.
- Neonatal conjunctivitis.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease.
-
Transmission:
- Adults: Sexual contact.
- Neonates: During birth.
-
Diagnosis:
- Gram-negative "kidney-bean" shaped diplococci.
- Oxidase-positive.
- Insignificant capsule.
-
Treatment:
- Ceftriaxone for uncomplicated cases.
-
Prevention:
- No drug or vaccine.
- Trace contacts and treat to interrupt transmission.
- Treat newborns' eyes with erythromycin ointment or silver nitrate to prevent conjunctivitis.
Moraxella catarrhalis
- Characteristic: Small coccobacillary gram-negative rod.
- Habitat: Found only in humans.
-
Diseases:
- Otitis media & sinusitis in children.
- Bronchitis & pneumonia in older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Transmission: Respiratory aerosol.
Veillonella parvula
- Characteristic: Anaerobic gram-negative diplococcus.
- Habitat: Normal flora of the mouth, colon, and vagina.
- Disease: A rare opportunistic pathogen that causes abscesses of the sinuses, tonsils, and brain.
- Infection type: Usually part of mixed anaerobic infections.
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Description
Explore the characteristics of gram-negative cocci, focusing on the genus Neisseria and its significance in meningitis. This quiz details the habitat, diseases caused by Neisseria meningitidis, transmission methods, and key risk factors. Test your knowledge on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this important bacterial infection.
