Grade 11 Biology: Diversity & Cell Biology

Study Notes

Classification Systems:
- A hierarchy exists in classifying organisms (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
- The highest rank is Domain (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya).
- Organisms are grouped according to their shared traits and evolutionary history.
- Binomial Nomenclature: Two-part naming system (e.g., Homo sapiens) ensures universal consistency.
Phylogenetic Trees and Cladograms:
- Phylogenetic Trees: Diagrammatic representations of evolutionary relationships based on genetic and morphological data. Show common ancestry.
- Cladograms: Diagrams that focus on shared derived traits. Illustrate evolutionary relationships based on features present in different groups.
- Data used to construct includes fossils, anatomy, and molecular biology.

Cell Theory:
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.
- Modern understanding includes: Cells contain DNA, and contain energy flow (metabolism).
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:
- Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; have circular DNA. Bacteria are an example.
- Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; have linear DNA. Plants and animals are examples.
Cellular Organelles and Processes:
- Organelles: Structures within eukaryotic cells with specific functions (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, lysosomes, Golgi).
- Cellular Processes: Include diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and mitosis (cell division). Mitosis involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages. This results in two identical daughter cells.