Grade 10 Biology: Photosynthesis Exam Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are stromata?

Pores that let CO2 in and release O2.

What is a heterotroph?

Organisms that obtain energy from the food they consume.

What is ATP synthase?

An enzyme that spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through.

What is an autotroph?

<p>Organisms that can make their own food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are photosystems?

<p>Proteins in the thylakoid membranes that organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NADP+?

<p>An electron carrier molecule that becomes NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do pigments play in plants?

<p>They absorb light energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

<p>In the stroma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are thylakoids?

<p>Saclike photosynthetic membranes arranged in stacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Plants use energy from ATP and NADPH to build high-energy compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the light-dependent reactions?

<p>They use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principal pigment is called _____

<p>chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color spectrum is best for plant growth?

<p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is needed for photosynthesis?

<p>Water, sunlight, CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the photosynthesis equation?

<p>Sunlight + H2O + CO2 ---&gt; C6H12O6 + O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an individual in biological terms?

<p>A single organism, such as a 10th grade student.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a population?

<p>A group of individuals of the same species in a defined area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a community?

<p>A group of interacting populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecosystem?

<p>A biological community and its physical environment interacting together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a biome?

<p>A large geographical area characterized by specific climate and vegetation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Van Helmont's theory?

<p>His experiment proved that soil provides water and nutrients for plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Joseph Priestly discover?

<p>Plants release oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants can move towards light if it doesn't come to them.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sundew plants get their nutrients from dead insects.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sunflowers love bees because they pollinate them.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

<p>Sunlight and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of photosynthesis?

<p>ATP, NADPH, Oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>ATP, CO2, NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>ADP, high-energy sugars, NADPH+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin Cycle is always done without light.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants have evolved farther than humans.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants communicate through chemistry.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Charles Darwin changed biology.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in photosynthesis?

<p>Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons, splitting water into H+, H+, and O2, thus creating ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is NADPH made?

<p>PSI re-energizes electrons and they hitch a ride with NADP+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>The process of bringing CO2 into the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Reduction in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>The step where ATP and NADPH are used to convert molecules further.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Regeneration in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>The process where remaining compounds are rearranged to form a new starting molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NADP reductase?

<p>The last enzyme in the electron transfer process during photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis Concepts

  • Stromata: Pores in plant leaves that allow for the exchange of gases, letting CO2 enter and O2 exit.
  • Heterotroph: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms, rather than producing it themselves.
  • Autotroph: Organisms like plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
  • Photosystems: Complexes within thylakoid membranes that organize chlorophyll and pigments to capture light energy.
  • NADP+: An electron carrier that accepts high-energy electrons and becomes NADPH, crucial for energy transformation during photosynthesis.
  • Pigments: Light-absorbing molecules in plants that capture sunlight's energy.

Structures Involved in Photosynthesis

  • Stroma: Fluid-filled region surrounding thylakoids where the Calvin Cycle takes place.
  • Thylakoids: Membrane-bound sacs organized in stacks (grana) where light-dependent reactions occur.

Photosynthesis Process

  • Photosynthesis: The process wherein plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
  • Light-dependent Reactions: Utilize solar energy to create ATP and NADPH.
  • Calvin Cycle: Utilizes ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into high-energy carbohydrates.

Calvin Cycle Steps

  • Step 1: Carbon fixation where CO2 combines with a 5-carbon molecule, resulting in 2 C3 molecules.
  • Step 2: ATP energy is provided to the C3 molecules, producing ADP and releasing Pi groups.
  • Step 3: NADPH transfers hydrogens, forming 2 molecules of PGAL and yielding more energy for C3.
  • Step 4: Removal of PGAL molecules for conversion into glucose or other essential compounds.
  • Step 5: Remaining carbon compounds processed to regenerate 5-carbon molecules for the cycle's continuation.

Light Spectrum and Plant Growth

  • Best Spectrum: White light is optimal for plant growth.
  • Other Effective Colors: Blue is the best followed by red, violet, and orange.
  • Worst Spectrum: Green light is least effective for plant growth.

Chemical Requirements and Products

  • Requirements for Photosynthesis: Sunlight, water, and CO2 are essential.
  • Photosynthesis Equation: sunlight + H2O + CO2 → C6H12O6 + O2.
  • Products: Include ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

Theories and Experiments

  • Van Helmont's Experiment: Demonstrated that soil primarily provides water to plants, stressing its role in supporting growth.
  • Joseph Priestly's Discovery: Showed that plants release oxygen, confirming the role of plants in generating breathable air.

Miscellaneous Facts

  • Reactants of Calvin Cycle: ATP, CO2, and NADPH are needed for the fixation process.
  • Products of Calvin Cycle: High-energy sugars, along with ADP and NADP+.
  • Evolutionary Context: Plants are said to have evolved further than humans, which reflects their adaptability.
  • Chemical Communication: Plants can communicate through chemical signals to respond to environmental changes.
  • Impact of Darwin: His theories significantly changed the field of biology, particularly our understanding of evolution.

Electron Transport and Energy Production

  • NADP Reductase: Last enzyme facilitating the transfer of electrons, producing NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
  • NADPH Production: Generated through the interaction of re-energized electrons from photosystem I with the NADP+ carrier.

True/False Insights

  • Plants exhibit movement towards light and can obtain nutrients from dead insects (Sundew plants).
  • Sunflowers rely on bees for pollination, confirming their symbiotic relationship with other organisms.

These notes encapsulate the major concepts regarding photosynthesis, related structures, and historical contributions, ideal for exam preparation.

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Test your knowledge of key terms related to photosynthesis with these flashcards. Each card provides a definition to important concepts such as stromata, heterotrophs, and ATP synthase. Perfect for Grade 10 biology students looking to improve their understanding of plant processes.

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