Questions and Answers
What are stromata?
Pores that let CO2 in and release O2.
What is a heterotroph?
Organisms that obtain energy from the food they consume.
What is ATP synthase?
An enzyme that spans the membrane and allows H+ ions to pass through.
What is an autotroph?
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What are photosystems?
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What is NADP+?
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What role do pigments play in plants?
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Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
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What are thylakoids?
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What occurs during the Calvin Cycle?
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What are the light-dependent reactions?
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The principal pigment is called _____
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What color spectrum is best for plant growth?
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What is needed for photosynthesis?
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What is the photosynthesis equation?
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What is an individual in biological terms?
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What is a population?
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What is a community?
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What is an ecosystem?
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What is a biome?
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What was Van Helmont's theory?
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What did Joseph Priestly discover?
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Plants can move towards light if it doesn't come to them.
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Sundew plants get their nutrients from dead insects.
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Sunflowers love bees because they pollinate them.
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What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
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What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle?
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What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?
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The Calvin Cycle is always done without light.
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Plants have evolved farther than humans.
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Plants communicate through chemistry.
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Charles Darwin changed biology.
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What happens in photosynthesis?
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How is NADPH made?
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What is Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle?
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What is Reduction in the Calvin Cycle?
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What is Regeneration in the Calvin Cycle?
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What is NADP reductase?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Concepts
- Stromata: Pores in plant leaves that allow for the exchange of gases, letting CO2 enter and O2 exit.
- Heterotroph: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms, rather than producing it themselves.
- Autotroph: Organisms like plants that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
- Photosystems: Complexes within thylakoid membranes that organize chlorophyll and pigments to capture light energy.
- NADP+: An electron carrier that accepts high-energy electrons and becomes NADPH, crucial for energy transformation during photosynthesis.
- Pigments: Light-absorbing molecules in plants that capture sunlight's energy.
Structures Involved in Photosynthesis
- Stroma: Fluid-filled region surrounding thylakoids where the Calvin Cycle takes place.
- Thylakoids: Membrane-bound sacs organized in stacks (grana) where light-dependent reactions occur.
Photosynthesis Process
- Photosynthesis: The process wherein plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
- Light-dependent Reactions: Utilize solar energy to create ATP and NADPH.
- Calvin Cycle: Utilizes ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into high-energy carbohydrates.
Calvin Cycle Steps
- Step 1: Carbon fixation where CO2 combines with a 5-carbon molecule, resulting in 2 C3 molecules.
- Step 2: ATP energy is provided to the C3 molecules, producing ADP and releasing Pi groups.
- Step 3: NADPH transfers hydrogens, forming 2 molecules of PGAL and yielding more energy for C3.
- Step 4: Removal of PGAL molecules for conversion into glucose or other essential compounds.
- Step 5: Remaining carbon compounds processed to regenerate 5-carbon molecules for the cycle's continuation.
Light Spectrum and Plant Growth
- Best Spectrum: White light is optimal for plant growth.
- Other Effective Colors: Blue is the best followed by red, violet, and orange.
- Worst Spectrum: Green light is least effective for plant growth.
Chemical Requirements and Products
- Requirements for Photosynthesis: Sunlight, water, and CO2 are essential.
- Photosynthesis Equation: sunlight + H2O + CO2 → C6H12O6 + O2.
- Products: Include ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Theories and Experiments
- Van Helmont's Experiment: Demonstrated that soil primarily provides water to plants, stressing its role in supporting growth.
- Joseph Priestly's Discovery: Showed that plants release oxygen, confirming the role of plants in generating breathable air.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Reactants of Calvin Cycle: ATP, CO2, and NADPH are needed for the fixation process.
- Products of Calvin Cycle: High-energy sugars, along with ADP and NADP+.
- Evolutionary Context: Plants are said to have evolved further than humans, which reflects their adaptability.
- Chemical Communication: Plants can communicate through chemical signals to respond to environmental changes.
- Impact of Darwin: His theories significantly changed the field of biology, particularly our understanding of evolution.
Electron Transport and Energy Production
- NADP Reductase: Last enzyme facilitating the transfer of electrons, producing NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
- NADPH Production: Generated through the interaction of re-energized electrons from photosystem I with the NADP+ carrier.
True/False Insights
- Plants exhibit movement towards light and can obtain nutrients from dead insects (Sundew plants).
- Sunflowers rely on bees for pollination, confirming their symbiotic relationship with other organisms.
These notes encapsulate the major concepts regarding photosynthesis, related structures, and historical contributions, ideal for exam preparation.
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Test your knowledge of key terms related to photosynthesis with these flashcards. Each card provides a definition to important concepts such as stromata, heterotrophs, and ATP synthase. Perfect for Grade 10 biology students looking to improve their understanding of plant processes.
