Grade 10 Biology: Exam Review 2024-2025

• Second Term 2024-2025 review for the final Biology exam for grade 10 girls

Effective Exam Revision Tips

• Start revising a couple of weeks early, instead of at the last minute
• Plan study time wisely, and make a revision schedule
• Avoid phones to improve focus
• Practice actively by doing mock exams to reinforce knowledge
• Take regular breaks to allow mind to rest

Useful Dua (prayers) for Studying

• Ask for beneficial knowledge and understanding
• Pray for ease in learning and comprehension

Bloom's Taxonomy

• Create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, and remember are major steps

Topics, Materials/Resources, and Skills for Exam

• Genetic Engineering(L9.4): copybook, textbook (highlighted parts). Skills: Identification, Analyze, Differentiation.
• Genomics and bioinformatics(L9.5): PPT. Skills: Identification, Analyze, Differentiation.
• Genetic variation within population(L11.1): Pre-Assessment online assignment via classera. Skills: Identification, Analyze, Differentiation.
• Natural selection in population(L11.2): Pre-Assessment online assignment via classera. Skills: Identification, Analyze, Differentiation.

Objectives

• Identify clone and explain the different examples of clone
• Describe plasmid and recombinant DNA
• Identify transgenic organism
• Identify genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics
• Explain the human genome project
• Explain Allele frequency
• Give sources of genetic variation
• Identify Mutation and Recombination
• Explain how Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water
• Differentiate between directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection-shape of graph in each one.
• Describe Natural selection

Genetic Engineering (Lesson 9.4)

• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or organism
• Bacteria produce identical genetic copies through binary fission
• Simple animals, such as sea stars, can clone themselves through regeneration
• Mammals cannot clone themselves, but human identical twins are clones of each other
• Dolly the sheep was the first cloned adult mammal
• CC (Copy Cat or Carbon Copy) was the first successful clone of a cat
• Genetic engineering changes an organism's DNA to give it new traits
• Recombinant DNA contains genes from more than one organism
• Recombinant DNA is used to produce crop plants that make medicines and vitamins
• Bacteria are commonly used in genetic engineering
• Plasmids are closed loops of DNA separated from bacteria

Plasmids

• Foreign DNA can be inserted into a plasmid to make recombinant DNA
• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism in its genome
• The gene for human insulin can be put into bacterial plasmids, where transgenic bacteria then make human insulin to treat people with diabetes.
• 1-Plasmid, 2-Recombinant DNA, 3-Transgenic organism
• Genetically engineered crops/genetically modified (GM) plants include Bt potatoes and Bt corn
• GM crops increase crop yields, resist diseases and insects, and are produced quickly and cheaply
• Some mice have genes "turned off" and are thus called gene knockout mice
• Two applications of transgenic organisms: Bt corn and production of insulin for diabetics

Genomics and Bioinformatics (Lesson 9.5)

• Genomics is the study of genomes
• Proteomics identifies and studies all the functions/interactions of proteins
• Bioinformatics uses computer databases to organize and analyze biological data
• Gene sequencing determines the order of DNA nucleotides in genes or genomes
• Humans do not have the largest genome
• Rat and mice genomes are similar to humans, and thus serve as models for human diseases
• The two main goals of the Human Genome Project: to map and sequence all DNA base pairs of human chromosomes, and to identify all genes within the DNA
• Bioinformatics is important in genetic research to store and organize genetic information

Genetic Variation Within Populations

• Gene pool: combined alleles of all individuals in a population
• Allele frequency: measure of how common a certain allele is in a population
• The more genetic variation in a population, the more likely that some individuals will survive
• Calculate the allele frequency by using the ratio of one allele to the total number of alleles for that gene in the gene pool
• Genetic variation comes from two main sources: mutation and recombination
• Mutation - a random change in the DNA
• Recombination - new allele combinations form during meiosis
• Hybridization - the crossing of two different species that share common genes

Natural Selection in Populations (Lesson 11.2)

• Normal distribution: highest frequency near the mean value, decreases towards extremes, graphed as a bell-shaped curve
• Microevolution is the observable change in the allele frequencies of a population
• Natural selection can change the distribution of a trait in directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection
• Directional selection causes a shift in population's phenotypic distribution, where an extreme phenotype becomes more common, causing curve to shift
• During stabilizing selection, the intermediate phenotype is favored and becomes more common in the population
• Disruptive Selection occurs when both extreme phenotypes are favored, while the middle of the distribution is disrupted.

A comprehensive review for the final Biology exam for grade 10. Includes effective revision tips, useful prayers for studying, Bloom's Taxonomy, and key topics like Genetic Engineering and Genomics. Focus on identification, analysis, and differentiation skills.