Glycolysis Overview and Reactions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary product of glycolysis?

Acetyl CoA
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
Pyruvate (correct)

What is the net production of ATP through glycolysis?

2 ATP (correct)
4 ATP
6 ATP
1 ATP

Which molecule is involved in the oxidation step of glycolysis?

ATP
NAD+ (correct)
ADP
FAD

In what condition is pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid?

During strenuous exercise (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate during glycolysis?

It splits into two 3-carbon molecules (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of NADH are produced in glycolysis?

2 molecules (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction requires ATP in the initial stages of glycolysis?

Phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anaerobic cellular respiration' refer to in the context of glycolysis?

Production of ATP without using oxygen (A) Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

What is glycolysis?

The breakdown of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.

What are the net products of glycolysis?

Glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and 2 pyruvate molecules.

Explain the 10 chemical reactions in glycolysis.

Glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose 6-phosphate. 2. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate. 3. Fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylated to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. 4. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate splits into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated, producing NADH and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. 7. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate, producing ATP. 8. 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate. 9. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate. 10. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate, producing ATP.

What is the fate of pyruvic acid?

Pyruvate can be converted to acetyl-CoA in the presence of oxygen (aerobic conditions), or it can be reduced to lactic acid (lactate) in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions).

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What is NAD+

A carrier molecule that accepts electrons and protons (H+) and transfers them where needed. It exists in two states: NAD+ (low energy) and NADH (high energy).

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What is glucose?

A 6-carbon sugar that is the primary energy source for glycolysis.

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What is pyruvate?

A 3-carbon molecule produced at the end of glycolysis.

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Study Notes

Glycolysis Overview

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate
This process takes place in the cytosol
It is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen to produce ATP
Glycolysis produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH

10 Reactions of Glycolysis

Phase 1 (Energy Investment):
- Glucose is phosphorylated using an ATP molecule, producing glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated using an ATP molecule, forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two 3-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
Phase 2 (Energy Payoff):
- G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated, forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH.
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is dephosphorylated, forming 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP.
- 3-phosphoglycerate is isomerized to 2-phosphoglycerate.
- 2-phosphoglycerate is dehydrated, forming phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
- PEP is dephosphorylated, forming pyruvate and ATP.

Fate of Pyruvic Acid

Aerobic conditions: Pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.
Anaerobic conditions: Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid.
Lactic acid can build up in the muscles during intense exercise and is later converted back to pyruvic acid in the liver.

NAD+

NAD+ is a carrier molecule that traps electrons and protons (H+).
It transfers electrons and protons to where they are needed.
NAD+ is a low energy molecule, while NADH is a high energy molecule.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential stages and processes involved in glycolysis, including key reactions and energy transformations. Learn how glucose is broken down into pyruvate and the energy yield associated with each step. Test your knowledge on the phases and molecular changes during glycolysis.