Glycolysis and Metabolism Quiz

<p>Lactic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphibolic pathways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 molecules of pyruvate are formed from glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose using ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the conversion of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose 6-phosphate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It yields a net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cAMP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted to lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-1-4 glycosidic bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TPP, FAD, NAD, and Co-A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is regenerated and not consumed by the cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Succinate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate the cycle and be oxidized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains oxaloacetate levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a final pathway for oxidizing various substrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetyl-CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides substrates for gluconeogenesis from amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through isomerization and water removal/addition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-ketoglutarate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a source for the carbon skeleton required to make amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complex V (ATP Synthase) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To donate electrons to the electron transport chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They release energy, which is used for proton extrusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the production of ATP linked to electron transport and chemiosmosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as the main energy storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate or lactate, producing energy in the form of ATP.

A metabolic pathway that occurs in the presence of oxygen, ultimately producing acetyl-CoA for the TCA cycle.

A metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen, yielding lactate as the final product.

The set of chemical reactions that transform glucose into pyruvate or lactate.

The primary source of energy for cells, produced by glycolysis.

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and reducing equivalents.

The first five steps of glycolysis are known as the preparatory phase. These steps consume 2 ATP molecules to convert one glucose molecule into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules.

The last five steps of glycolysis are called the payoff phase. They yield 4 ATP molecules (2 net) and 2 NADH molecules.

Hexokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose (from ATP) to form glucose 6-phosphate. This is the first irreversible step of glycolysis.

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. This is the second irreversible step of glycolysis.

The conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) occurs in two steps:

1. Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase.
2. Oxaloacetate is then converted to PEP by PEP carboxykinase. This bypasses irreversible step 10 in glycolysis.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate. This reaction requires the enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and is irreversible. It bypasses irreversible step 3 in glycolysis.

Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose. This is mediated by glucose-6-phosphatase and is irreversible, bypassing irreversible step 1 in glycolysis.

Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose. It is a major storage form of glucose in the body, primarily in the liver and muscle cells.

The process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose. It occurs in the cytosol and requires glucose and ATP.

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose. This process occurs in the liver and skeletal muscles, primarily when blood sugar levels decrease, providing energy.

The enzyme that breaks down α-1-4 glycosidic bonds in glycogen during glycogenolysis. It is inactive in resting state, but activated by hormones like epinephrine and glucagon.

A cyclic nucleotide that serves as a second messenger. It initiates a series of reactions that lead to the activation of phosphorylase, thereby promoting glycogen breakdown.

The final metabolic pathway where the breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, generating energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria and is an aerobic process.

The Citric Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) is an aerobic pathway that occurs entirely within the mitochondria, specifically in close proximity to the electron transport chain.

The TCA cycle generates reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) that are used by the electron transport chain to produce ATP. This is the primary way our cells generate energy.

Pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, is transported into the mitochondria where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl-CoA. This is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Citrate synthase catalyzes the reaction where oxaloacetate (4 carbon molecule) combines with acetyl-CoA (2 carbon molecule) to form citrate (6-carbon molecule). This is the first step of the TCA cycle.

Citrate is converted into isocitrate through an isomerization reaction. This is catalyzed by aconitase and involves the removal and addition of water.

Isocitrate is oxidized and decarboxylated into α-ketoglutarate. This reaction involves the removal of hydrogen (forming NADH) and a carbon dioxide molecule.

Besides providing energy, the TCA cycle also generates intermediate molecules that are used in other metabolic pathways. For example, it provides precursors for amino acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis.

NADH and FADH2 are produced during glycolysis & TCA cycle, carrying electrons to electron transport chain for ATP generation.

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, facilitating electron transfer and proton pumping.

The process of generating ATP by harnessing energy released during the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain.

The difference in proton concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane, driving ATP synthesis.

A protein complex in the mitochondrial membrane, using the proton motive force to synthesize ATP.

The total number of ATPs produced from the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, including glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

The process of breaking down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, releasing energy and providing building blocks for other molecules.

Triacylglycerol is the main energy storage molecule in organisms, providing a concentrated source of energy.

A key enzyme in the TCA cycle, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, producing NADH and CO2. This step is crucial as it generates the first NADH for the electron transport chain.

This reaction represents a key regulatory step in the TCA cycle. The enzyme's activity is influenced by ADP, NADH, and ATP. High levels of ADP and NADH stimulate its function, while high ATP levels inhibit it.

α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase is responsible for the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA. This reaction is a decarboxylation reaction, meaning CO2 is released. It also generates NADH, which is vital for ATP production in the electron transport chain.

Succinate Thiokinase catalyzes the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate. During this process, the energy stored in succinyl CoA is released and utilized to generate ATP, a direct source of energy for the cell.

Another important enzyme in the TCA cycle, Succinate Dehydrogenase, catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate. This reaction is unique as it reduces FAD to FADH2, a reduced electron carrier that contributes to ATP production in the electron transport chain.

Fumarase catalyzes the hydration of fumarate to malate. This reaction is crucial in the TCA cycle as it introduces a hydroxyl group to fumarate, a critical step in the overall metabolism.

Malate Dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, which is the starting molecule for the TCA cycle. This reaction generates NADH, the third NADH produced during the TCA cycle. The produced oxaloacetate is utilized in new cycles of the TCA cycle to continue energy production.

The TCA cycle plays a central role in cellular respiration. It is responsible for generating a large amount of ATP, primarily through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, the product of glycolysis. The TCA cycle also provides essential building blocks for biosynthesis.