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Questions and Answers
What is the byproduct of glycolysis in muscle tissues under anaerobic conditions?
What is the byproduct of glycolysis in muscle tissues under anaerobic conditions?
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of this lecture?
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of this lecture?
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation?
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation?
In which tissues is glycolysis a major source of energy?
In which tissues is glycolysis a major source of energy?
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What is the purpose of lactate dehydrogenase in muscle cells?
What is the purpose of lactate dehydrogenase in muscle cells?
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What is the source of the e-textbook for this lecture?
What is the source of the e-textbook for this lecture?
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What is the Warburg Effect known for?
What is the Warburg Effect known for?
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What is the potential benefit of understanding the Warburg Effect?
What is the potential benefit of understanding the Warburg Effect?
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What is the end product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
What is the end product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
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Which cell type relies heavily on anaerobic glycolysis?
Which cell type relies heavily on anaerobic glycolysis?
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What is the net yield of ATP from aerobic glycolysis?
What is the net yield of ATP from aerobic glycolysis?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that results in the production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that results in the production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
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What is the purpose of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
What is the purpose of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
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How many reactions in glycolysis result in the direct production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation?
How many reactions in glycolysis result in the direct production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation?
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What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis?
What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis?
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What is the primary function of the phosphofructokinase enzyme in glycolysis?
What is the primary function of the phosphofructokinase enzyme in glycolysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of glucose for glycolysis?
Which of the following is NOT a source of glucose for glycolysis?
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What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?
What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?
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What is the purpose of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis?
What is the purpose of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis?
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Which tissue is dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production?
Which tissue is dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production?
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What is the Warburg effect?
What is the Warburg effect?
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What is the function of phosphoglycerate kinase in glycolysis?
What is the function of phosphoglycerate kinase in glycolysis?
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Which enzyme is inhibited by ATP through allosteric control in glycolysis?
Which enzyme is inhibited by ATP through allosteric control in glycolysis?
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What is the purpose of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in glycolysis?
What is the purpose of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in glycolysis?
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Study Notes
Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, occurring in the cytosol of all tissues.
- It involves 10 reactions, which can be grouped into 4 stages: activation, splitting, oxidation, and ATP synthesis.
Structure and Function of Glucose and Glycogen
- Glucose is a monosaccharide, an immediate energy source that can be synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources through gluconeogenesis.
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide, a medium-term fuel source with low osmolarity, synthesized and broken down in the liver.
Sources of Glucose for Glycolysis
- Glucose can come from dietary sugars and starch, breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver, or recycled glucose from lactic acid, amino acids, or glycerol.
Glycolysis Pathway
- The glycolysis pathway involves 10 reactions, starting with glucose and ending with pyruvate, and involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
- The pathway produces ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which can be used for energy production or as intermediates for fat synthesis and amino acid synthesis.
ATP Synthesis
- ATP synthesis in glycolysis occurs through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
- The ATP yield from glycolysis is low, but pyruvate can enter the mitochondria for further ATP production.
Anaerobic Glycolysis
- In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.
- Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in tissues with limited oxygen supply, such as skeletal muscle during intense exercise and red blood cells.
Regulation of Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is regulated through allosteric control and hormonal control, with phosphofructokinase being a key enzyme controlled by ATP, citrate, and AMP.
- Feedback inhibition of phosphofructokinase by ATP helps regulate glycolysis.
Specialised Functions in Tissues
- Glycolysis is the only energy-producing pathway in red blood cells, and is essential for ATP production during intense exercise in skeletal muscle.
- Glycolysis is also important in the brain, where it is a major source of ATP, as the brain cannot use fats as fuels.
The Warburg Effect
- Tumour cells preferentially generate energy through anaerobic glycolysis, even when mitochondria are intact, producing lactate at a rate 200 times that of healthy cells.
- The Warburg effect may be useful as a diagnostic tool and/or therapeutic target.
Key Points
- Glycolysis is a universal metabolic pathway that can occur in all tissues, producing ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
- The pathway can function in aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with pyruvate being converted to lactate in anaerobic conditions.
- Glycolysis is regulated through allosteric control and hormonal control, and has specialized functions in certain tissues.
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Description
This quiz covers anaerobic metabolism, focusing on glycolysis, based on chapters 11 and 13 of the biochemistry and molecular biology textbook for 4MBBS101 course.
