Questions and Answers
What is the byproduct of glycolysis in muscle tissues under anaerobic conditions?
Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome of this lecture?
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis through substrate-level phosphorylation?
In which tissues is glycolysis a major source of energy?
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What is the purpose of lactate dehydrogenase in muscle cells?
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What is the source of the e-textbook for this lecture?
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What is the Warburg Effect known for?
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What is the potential benefit of understanding the Warburg Effect?
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What is the end product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions?
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Which cell type relies heavily on anaerobic glycolysis?
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What is the net yield of ATP from aerobic glycolysis?
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Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that results in the production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
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What is the purpose of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
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How many reactions in glycolysis result in the direct production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation?
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What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis?
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What is the primary function of the phosphofructokinase enzyme in glycolysis?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of glucose for glycolysis?
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What is the net yield of ATP from glycolysis?
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What is the purpose of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in anaerobic glycolysis?
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Which tissue is dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP production?
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What is the Warburg effect?
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What is the function of phosphoglycerate kinase in glycolysis?
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Which enzyme is inhibited by ATP through allosteric control in glycolysis?
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What is the purpose of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in glycolysis?
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Study Notes
Anaerobic Metabolism: Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, occurring in the cytosol of all tissues.
- It involves 10 reactions, which can be grouped into 4 stages: activation, splitting, oxidation, and ATP synthesis.
Structure and Function of Glucose and Glycogen
- Glucose is a monosaccharide, an immediate energy source that can be synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources through gluconeogenesis.
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide, a medium-term fuel source with low osmolarity, synthesized and broken down in the liver.
Sources of Glucose for Glycolysis
- Glucose can come from dietary sugars and starch, breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver, or recycled glucose from lactic acid, amino acids, or glycerol.
Glycolysis Pathway
- The glycolysis pathway involves 10 reactions, starting with glucose and ending with pyruvate, and involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
- The pathway produces ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which can be used for energy production or as intermediates for fat synthesis and amino acid synthesis.
ATP Synthesis
- ATP synthesis in glycolysis occurs through substrate-level phosphorylation, resulting in a net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
- The ATP yield from glycolysis is low, but pyruvate can enter the mitochondria for further ATP production.
Anaerobic Glycolysis
- In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue.
- Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in tissues with limited oxygen supply, such as skeletal muscle during intense exercise and red blood cells.
Regulation of Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is regulated through allosteric control and hormonal control, with phosphofructokinase being a key enzyme controlled by ATP, citrate, and AMP.
- Feedback inhibition of phosphofructokinase by ATP helps regulate glycolysis.
Specialised Functions in Tissues
- Glycolysis is the only energy-producing pathway in red blood cells, and is essential for ATP production during intense exercise in skeletal muscle.
- Glycolysis is also important in the brain, where it is a major source of ATP, as the brain cannot use fats as fuels.
The Warburg Effect
- Tumour cells preferentially generate energy through anaerobic glycolysis, even when mitochondria are intact, producing lactate at a rate 200 times that of healthy cells.
- The Warburg effect may be useful as a diagnostic tool and/or therapeutic target.
Key Points
- Glycolysis is a universal metabolic pathway that can occur in all tissues, producing ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
- The pathway can function in aerobic or anaerobic conditions, with pyruvate being converted to lactate in anaerobic conditions.
- Glycolysis is regulated through allosteric control and hormonal control, and has specialized functions in certain tissues.
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Description
This quiz covers anaerobic metabolism, focusing on glycolysis, based on chapters 11 and 13 of the biochemistry and molecular biology textbook for 4MBBS101 course.
