Glycolysis and Fermentation
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in pyruvate metabolism?

  • To convert pyruvate into lactate
  • To convert pyruvate into ATP
  • To convert pyruvate into ethanol
  • To convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA (correct)
  • What is the primary difference between fermentation and respiration?

  • Type of products
  • Location within the cell
  • Energy yield (correct)
  • Type of reactants
  • What is the result of excessive alcohol intake?

  • Accumulation of acetaldehyde leading to hangover symptoms (correct)
  • Decreased lactic acid production
  • Increased pyruvate metabolism
  • Increased ATP production
  • What is a characteristic of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

    <p>Consists of 150 polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of fermentation?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation and ethanolic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of pyruvate metabolism in respiration?

    <p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fermentation take place?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of ethanolic fermentation?

    <p>CO2 and ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in lactate acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in cellular respiration?

    <p>Oxidative Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the toxic intermediate responsible for hangover symptoms?

    <p>Acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism

    • Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvates.
    • Pyruvate can be further metabolized through either fermentation or respiration.

    Fermentation

    • Occurs in the cytosol and has a low energy yield.
    • Two types of fermentation:
      • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Occurs during intense muscle activity, reoxidizes NADH to sustain glycolysis, and involves the key enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
      • Ethanolic Fermentation: Occurs during fermentation of beer and bread by yeast, releases CO2 and ethanol, and involves the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.

    Respiration

    • Occurs in the mitochondria and has a high energy yield.
    • Three steps involved:
      • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase: Pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated, releasing CO2, and forming acetyl CoA.
      • Citric Acid Cycle: Acetyl CoA is metabolized to CO2 and high-energy electron carriers.
      • Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron carriers transfer electrons to the electron transport chain, generating ATP.

    Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

    • Consists of three types of enzymatic subunits: E1, E2, and E3.
    • Interacts with five B vitamin-derived coenzymes: Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoamide, FAD, Coenzyme A, and NAD+.
    • Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA through oxidative decarboxylation, releasing CO2 and generating NADH.

    Hangover Biochemistry

    • Excessive alcohol intake overwhelms the detoxification system.
    • Alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, producing acetate.
    • Accumulation of acetaldehyde, the toxic intermediate, causes hangover symptoms.

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    Description

    Understand the process of glycolysis, its products, and how pyruvate can be further metabolized through fermentation or respiration. Learn about the two types of fermentation and their key enzymes.

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