Glutamate Recruitment in Neural Science

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In the context of cortical plasticity, what does altered synaptic functioning refer to?

Changes in the number of neurons

Changes in the speed of action potentials

Changes in neurochemical concentrations

Changes in the structure and function of synapses (correct)

Which process underlies learning, memory, and recovery/reorganization processes?

Synaptic modulation (correct)

Axon growth inhibition

Myelin sheath disintegration

Neurotransmitter depletion

What is the basis of cortical plasticity?

Blood flow alterations

Neuronal firing rate changes

Brain size increase

Altered synaptic functioning (correct)

How is cortical plasticity related to learning and memory?

Through altering synaptic functioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synaptic modulation in cortical plasticity?

Facilitating learning and memory processes Signup and view all the answers

How does altered synaptic functioning contribute to recovery and reorganization processes?

By allowing for structural changes at synapses Signup and view all the answers

What is the pivotal finding mentioned in the text regarding cortical plasticity?

Repetitive stimulation causing long-term potentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the key point related to glutamate synapses in the experimental model?

Functional and structural synaptic changes Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of long-term potentiation identified by Bliss & Collingridge is protein kinase independent and lasts up to one hour?

STP causing temporary reorganization Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cortical plasticity, what effect does high-frequency stimulation have on glutamate synapses?

Long-term potentiation charges Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NMDAR & AMPAR in the short and long term effects mentioned in the text?

Mediating functional and structural synaptic changes Signup and view all the answers

What kind of synaptic changes are associated with an experimental model typically involving 100Hz for 1 second on glutamate synapses?

Functional and structural synaptic changes Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is downregulated while glutamate is upregulated?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves changes in synaptic structure including dendrites and spines growing and contracting?

LTP and LTD Signup and view all the answers

What controls the excitability of horizontal connections involved in cortical map modeling?

GABAergic inhibition Signup and view all the answers

In the context of adaptations to retinal lesions, what leads to disinhibition in the peri-lesion zone?

Retraction of inhibitory neurons' axonal arbor Signup and view all the answers

Which factor promotes dendritic growth and is increased in the context of adaptations to retinal lesions?

BDNF Signup and view all the answers

What rapid changes are observed in the context of inhibitory alterations around lesion zones?

Increase in GABA levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the alteration in synaptic strength due to changes in release probability or receptor properties?

Presynaptic effect Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the formation or loss of dendritic spines and modification of synapse number?

Synaptic structure Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of late LTP (Long-Term Potentiation) as mentioned in the text?

Increased number of dendritic spines Signup and view all the answers

Which area serves as a site for research on neuroplasticity according to the text?

Subventricular zone Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in cortical plasticity as a result of altered afferent input, training, or pathology according to the text?

Neuronal rewiring Signup and view all the answers

Which process in plasticity involves unmasking or disinhibition of pre-existing cortical connections through GABA's role?

"Unmasking" Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of LTP on AMPAR according to the text?

Insertion by exocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular process leads to the formation of new dendritic spines in the context of cortical plasticity?

PKCA pathway persistence Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calmodulin in the context of LTP?

Activation of PKCA pathway Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the same stimulus activates two receptors in LTP?

Increase in response Signup and view all the answers

In the context of long-term potentiation, what is the consequence of AMPAR diffusion across the membrane?

Enhancement of synaptic contacts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism through which LTP induces pre- and post-synaptic effects according to Kandel et al. 2013?