Diabetes and Insulin Regulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin?

  • δ cells
  • β cells (correct)
  • α cells
  • F cells

What is the primary function of glucagon?

  • Facilitate digestive processes
  • Promote glucose uptake
  • Increase hepatic glucose output (correct)
  • Lower blood glucose concentration

Which organ is primarily responsible for storing glycogen?

  • Liver (correct)
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Bones
  • Adipose tissues

What stimulates insulin release?

<p>Insulin secretogogues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results when insulin secretion is insufficient to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations?

<p>Diabetes Mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known side effect of insulin therapy?

<p>Lipodystrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin affect blood glucose concentration?

<p>It lowers plasma glucose concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs within 30 minutes of starting a meal in a healthy individual?

<p>Insulin secretion is significantly increased (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is most commonly found in which population?

<p>Adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of δ cells in the islets of Langerhans?

<p>Release somatostatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues does NOT require insulin for glucose transport?

<p>The nerves (B), The kidneys (C), The red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication inhibits the conversion of complex carbohydrates to monosaccharides?

<p>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood glucose levels typically within 1-2 hours after a meal?

<p>They return to normal levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily regulates glucose metabolism in the body?

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about diabetes mellitus is INCORRECT?

<p>It is due to over-production of insulin in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct description of Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Insulin dependent and occurs in juveniles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Type IV Diabetes Mellitus primarily associated with?

<p>Pregnancy-related abnormalities in glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes accounts for the majority of cases?

<p>Type II Diabetes Mellitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary purpose of the therapy for Diabetes Mellitus is to:

<p>Regulate blood glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of injected insulin?

<p>Glycaemic insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues do NOT require insulin for glucose transport?

<p>Red blood cells and kidney (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of rapid-acting and short-acting insulins improves their stability?

<p>Presence of zinc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes Type III Diabetes Mellitus?

<p>It results from external factors like pancreatitis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action for long-acting insulin?

<p>Slow onset, prolonged duration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is produced by _________ cells in the islets of Langerhans.

<p>beta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is usually used in __________.

<p>Type I diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is due to __________.

<p>deficiency of pancreatic cell’s response to glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Islets of Langerhans contains __________.

<p>I: alpha cells, II: beta cells, III: delta cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disease.

<p>Type I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin receptors are located on the plasma membrane of __________.

<p>skeletal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the oral anti-diabetic agent.

<p>Metformin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sulfonylureas such as glibenclamide and glypizide __________.

<p>stimulate insulin release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes long-acting insulins like insulin glargine and insulin detemir?

<p>They are clear and soluble. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does amylin help in glucose management after meals?

<p>It suppresses glucagon secretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of incretin mimetics like exenatide?

<p>They stimulate insulin secretion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of oral anti-diabetic drugs aids in delaying glucose absorption?

<p>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major characteristic of intermediate-acting NPH insulins?

<p>They are a turbid suspension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pramlintide is classified as which type of treatment?

<p>Amylin analog (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of combining short-acting and long-acting insulins?

<p>They manage blood glucose levels effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biguanides help lower blood glucose levels by acting on which of the following?

<p>Decreasing liver glucose production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antidiabetic drug is known to increase tissue sensitivity to insulin?

<p>Rosiglitazone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug functions as an inhibitor of alpha glucosidase?

<p>Acarbose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily used in the treatment of Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucagon primarily functions to __________.

<p>increase blood glucose levels in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about diabetes mellitus is FALSE?

<p>Type I diabetes has an onset of 30 years of age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

<p>Autoimmune disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with Type II Diabetes Mellitus?

<p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a characteristic of insulin secretion?

<p>Increases after the ingestion of carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Islets of Langerhans

Clusters of cells within the pancreas responsible for producing hormones like insulin and glucagon. They play a vital role in blood sugar regulation.

Insulin

A hormone released by the beta cells of the pancreas, responsible for lowering blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake, utilization, and storage.

Glucagon

A hormone released by the alpha cells of the pancreas, responsible for raising blood sugar by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

A condition where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the body doesn't respond to insulin properly, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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Basal Insulin Release

The constant, low-level release of insulin throughout the day and night, ensuring stable blood sugar even without food.

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Meal-Related Insulin Secretion

The process of insulin release in response to rising blood glucose levels after a meal, helping to quickly control sugar spikes.

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Insulin Sensitivity

The body's ability to respond effectively to insulin, allowing glucose to enter cells properly. Poor sensitivity leads to higher blood sugar levels.

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Blood Glucose Regulation

The process by which the body regulates blood sugar levels, involving the interplay of insulin, glucagon, and other factors like cellular uptake of glucose.

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What is Type I Diabetes?

This type of diabetes is caused by a deficiency in pancreatic β cell function or inadequate tissue sensitivity to circulating insulin.

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What is Type II Diabetes?

This type of diabetes is caused by insulin resistance in tissues like the liver, muscle, and fat, accompanied by a relative lack of insulin production.

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What is Gestational Diabetes?

Any abnormality in glucose levels detected during pregnancy, even if it resolves after delivery.

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What is Type III Diabetes?

A type of diabetes where elevated blood glucose is caused by the pancreas being damaged or removed.

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What are parenteral drugs?

Drugs that are administered directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system.

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What is Insulin?

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy.

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What are insulin-dependent cells?

These cells require insulin to take up glucose from the bloodstream.

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What is the general therapy for diabetes mellitus?

The medication regimen for diabetes mellitus aims to regulate blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication.

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Long-acting Insulin Analogs

Insulin analogs that provide a long-lasting effect to control blood sugar levels between meals and overnight.

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Short-acting Insulin Analogs

Insulin analogs that rapidly lower blood sugar levels after meals, preventing spikes in blood glucose.

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Amylin

Amylin is a hormone that works alongside insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. It slows down gastric emptying and reduces glucagon secretion, leading to a slower and more controlled absorption of sugar.

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Pramlintide

A synthetic version of amylin that mimics its actions. It's used as an adjunct therapy with insulin or oral antidiabetic medications.

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Incretins

Hormones secreted from the duodenum that play a key role in regulating blood sugar levels. Incretins stimulate insulin production, inhibit glucagon secretion and slow down gastric emptying.

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Incretin Mimetics

A class of drugs that activate the incretin receptor, mimicking the actions of natural incretins.

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Secretagogues

Oral antidiabetic drugs that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas.

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Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral antidiabetic drugs that delay the absorption of sugar from the intestines, preventing rapid spikes in blood sugar after meals.

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What are Sulfonylureas?

Sulfonylureas are a class of oral medications that stimulate insulin release from the pancreas, helping to lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.

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What are Thiazolidinediones?

Thiazolidinediones are a class of oral medications that increase the sensitivity of cells to insulin, allowing glucose to enter cells more effectively.

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What are Oral Antidiabetic Agents?

Oral antidiabetic agents are medications taken by mouth to help control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. These medications work by stimulating insulin release, increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin, or slowing down glucose absorption.

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What is Glucagon?

Glucagon is a hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, responsible for raising blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver.

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What are Insulin Receptors?

Insulin receptors are proteins found on the surface of cells that bind to insulin, triggering the uptake of glucose into the cell.

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What are Biguanides?

Biguanides are a class of oral medications that primarily work by reducing glucose production by the liver and improving insulin sensitivity.

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Type I Diabetes

This type of diabetes develops due to the body's immune system attacking and destroying beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency in insulin production.

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Type II Diabetes

This type of diabetes arises from insulin resistance, where cells fail to respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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Hypoglycemia

A state of abnormally low blood sugar levels, often caused by excessive insulin or other medication, or insufficient food intake.

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What are insulin secretogogues?

Insulin secretogogues are a class of drugs that stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin. They are primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes, where the body doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't respond to it properly.

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What are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work in the small intestine, blocking the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars (glucose) that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. This helps to slow down the rate of sugar absorption, leading to lower blood sugar levels.

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What are non-insulin dependent cells?

Non-insulin dependent cells don't require insulin for glucose transport. They can take up glucose directly from the bloodstream. Examples of non-insulin dependent cells include red blood cells, brain cells, and kidney cells.

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Study Notes

Chapter 5: Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus

  • Learning Outcomes:
    • Describe pancreatic hormones and functions
    • Describe different types of diabetes mellitus
    • Describe pharmacology of drugs for diabetes
  • Structure of the Lesson:
    • Pancreas and pancreatic hormones
    • Regulation of blood glucose
    • Diabetic Mellitus
    • Drugs for Diabetic Mellitus
    • Hyperglycemic Drugs
  • Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones:
    • Hormones are produced in clusters called islets of Langerhans
    • Islets contain alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
    • Alpha cells produce glucagon
    • Beta cells produce insulin
    • These hormones regulate glucose metabolism and blood glucose levels
    • Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, lowering blood glucose
    • Glucagon increases hepatic glucose output and raises blood glucose
  • Regulation of Blood Glucose:
    • Healthy people release basal insulin throughout the day
    • Blood glucose peaks about 30 minutes after a meal
    • Insulin is released immediately when eating to balance glucose levels from a meal
    • Blood glucose usually returns to normal within 1-2 hours after a meal
    • Glucose binds to receptors on beta cells, stimulating insulin release
    • Insulin binds to receptors in skeletal/heart muscle and adipose tissue, allowing glucose intake, lowering blood glucose
  • Diabetes Mellitus:
    • A disorder of glucose homeostasis characterized by elevated blood glucose
    • Classified into four categories: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4 (Gestational)
  • Type 1 Diabetes:
    • Usually develops before age 30
    • Autoimmune disease triggered by viral infection or environmental factor
    • Destroys beta cells, causing insulin deficiency
    • Requires exogenous insulin for survival
  • Type 2 Diabetes:
    • Usually develops after age 30
    • Often has normal or elevated insulin levels, but cells are less responsive (insulin resistance)
    • Often treated with oral anti-diabetic medications and lifestyle changes
  • Type 3 Diabetes:
    • Elevated blood glucose caused by pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, etc.
  • Type 4 (Gestational) Diabetes:
    • Glucose intolerance during pregnancy
    • Typically resolves after delivery
  • Drugs for Diabetes:
    • Therapy involves diet control, exercise, and drug administration
    • Drugs are categorized into parenteral (injected) and oral administration
  • Insulin:
    • Binds to insulin receptors, regulating blood glucose and metabolism
    • Receptors are in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscles, and other tissues
    • Nerves, red blood cells, kidneys, and lens of the eye do not require insulin for glucose transport
    • Four types based on onset and duration: Rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting
  • Amylin Analogs:
    • Co-secreted with insulin by beta cells
    • Slows gastric emptying
    • Suppresses glucagon secretion
  • Incretin Mimetics:
    • Peptide hormones from the duodenum
    • Stimulate insulin, inhibit glucagon, and slow stomach emptying
    • Exenatide is an example that activates incretin receptor
  • Secretagogues:
    • Increase insulin production and release (not for Type 1)
  • Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors:
    • Delay glucose absorption for slower postprandial blood glucose rise
  • Biguanides:
    • Decrease liver glucose production and increase intestinal glucose absorption
    • Metformin is an example
  • Thiazolidinediones:
    • Increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, fat, and liver cells
    • Rosiglitazone is an example
  • Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors:
    • Prolong the activity of incretin GLP-1 to increase insulin production and reduce glucagon
    • Sitagliptin is an example
  • Hyperglycemic Drugs:
    • Glucagon is used to treat low blood sugar
    • Administered subcutaneously

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Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus FFG2414 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the functions of insulin, glucagon, and the islets of Langerhans in relation to diabetes mellitus. This quiz covers key concepts regarding hormone regulation, glucose metabolism, and the effects of insulin therapy. Perfect for those studying endocrinology or related health sciences.

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