Diabetes and Insulin Regulation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin?

δ cells

β cells (correct)

α cells

F cells

What is the primary function of glucagon?

Facilitate digestive processes

Promote glucose uptake

Increase hepatic glucose output (correct)

Lower blood glucose concentration

Which organ is primarily responsible for storing glycogen?

Liver (correct)

Skeletal muscles

Bones

Adipose tissues

What stimulates insulin release?

Insulin secretogogues Signup and view all the answers

What results when insulin secretion is insufficient to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known side effect of insulin therapy?

Lipodystrophy Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin affect blood glucose concentration?

It lowers plasma glucose concentration Signup and view all the answers

What occurs within 30 minutes of starting a meal in a healthy individual?

Insulin secretion is significantly increased Signup and view all the answers

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is most commonly found in which population?

Adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of δ cells in the islets of Langerhans?

Release somatostatin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues does NOT require insulin for glucose transport?

The nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which medication inhibits the conversion of complex carbohydrates to monosaccharides?

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood glucose levels typically within 1-2 hours after a meal?

They return to normal levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily regulates glucose metabolism in the body?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about diabetes mellitus is INCORRECT?

It is due to over-production of insulin in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct description of Type 1 diabetes?

Insulin dependent and occurs in juveniles Signup and view all the answers

What is Type IV Diabetes Mellitus primarily associated with?

Pregnancy-related abnormalities in glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes accounts for the majority of cases?

Type II Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

The primary purpose of the therapy for Diabetes Mellitus is to:

Regulate blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of injected insulin?

Glycaemic insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues do NOT require insulin for glucose transport?

Red blood cells and kidney Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of rapid-acting and short-acting insulins improves their stability?

Presence of zinc Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes Type III Diabetes Mellitus?

It results from external factors like pancreatitis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of action for long-acting insulin?

Slow onset, prolonged duration Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is produced by _________ cells in the islets of Langerhans.

beta Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is usually used in __________.

Type I diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus is due to __________.

deficiency of pancreatic cell’s response to glucose Signup and view all the answers

Islets of Langerhans contains __________.

I: alpha cells, II: beta cells, III: delta cells Signup and view all the answers

__________ diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disease.

Type I Signup and view all the answers

Insulin receptors are located on the plasma membrane of __________.

skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Select the oral anti-diabetic agent.

Metformin Signup and view all the answers

Sulfonylureas such as glibenclamide and glypizide __________.

stimulate insulin release Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes long-acting insulins like insulin glargine and insulin detemir?

They are clear and soluble. Signup and view all the answers

How does amylin help in glucose management after meals?

It suppresses glucagon secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of incretin mimetics like exenatide?

They stimulate insulin secretion. Signup and view all the answers

Which class of oral anti-diabetic drugs aids in delaying glucose absorption?

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What is one major characteristic of intermediate-acting NPH insulins?

They are a turbid suspension. Signup and view all the answers

Pramlintide is classified as which type of treatment?

Amylin analog Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of combining short-acting and long-acting insulins?

They manage blood glucose levels effectively. Signup and view all the answers

Biguanides help lower blood glucose levels by acting on which of the following?

Decreasing liver glucose production Signup and view all the answers

Which antidiabetic drug is known to increase tissue sensitivity to insulin?

Rosiglitazone Signup and view all the answers

Which drug functions as an inhibitor of alpha glucosidase?

Acarbose Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily used in the treatment of Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

Glucagon primarily functions to __________.

increase blood glucose levels in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about diabetes mellitus is FALSE?

Type I diabetes has an onset of 30 years of age Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

Autoimmune disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with Type II Diabetes Mellitus?

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a characteristic of insulin secretion?

Increases after the ingestion of carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 5: Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus

Learning Outcomes:
- Describe pancreatic hormones and functions
- Describe different types of diabetes mellitus
- Describe pharmacology of drugs for diabetes
Structure of the Lesson:
- Pancreas and pancreatic hormones
- Regulation of blood glucose
- Diabetic Mellitus
- Drugs for Diabetic Mellitus
- Hyperglycemic Drugs
Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones:
- Hormones are produced in clusters called islets of Langerhans
- Islets contain alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
- Alpha cells produce glucagon
- Beta cells produce insulin
- These hormones regulate glucose metabolism and blood glucose levels
- Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, lowering blood glucose
- Glucagon increases hepatic glucose output and raises blood glucose
Regulation of Blood Glucose:
- Healthy people release basal insulin throughout the day
- Blood glucose peaks about 30 minutes after a meal
- Insulin is released immediately when eating to balance glucose levels from a meal
- Blood glucose usually returns to normal within 1-2 hours after a meal
- Glucose binds to receptors on beta cells, stimulating insulin release
- Insulin binds to receptors in skeletal/heart muscle and adipose tissue, allowing glucose intake, lowering blood glucose
Diabetes Mellitus:
- A disorder of glucose homeostasis characterized by elevated blood glucose
- Classified into four categories: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4 (Gestational)
Type 1 Diabetes:
- Usually develops before age 30
- Autoimmune disease triggered by viral infection or environmental factor
- Destroys beta cells, causing insulin deficiency
- Requires exogenous insulin for survival
Type 2 Diabetes:
- Usually develops after age 30
- Often has normal or elevated insulin levels, but cells are less responsive (insulin resistance)
- Often treated with oral anti-diabetic medications and lifestyle changes
Type 3 Diabetes:
- Elevated blood glucose caused by pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, etc.
Type 4 (Gestational) Diabetes:
- Glucose intolerance during pregnancy
- Typically resolves after delivery
Drugs for Diabetes:
- Therapy involves diet control, exercise, and drug administration
- Drugs are categorized into parenteral (injected) and oral administration
Insulin:
- Binds to insulin receptors, regulating blood glucose and metabolism
- Receptors are in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscles, and other tissues
- Nerves, red blood cells, kidneys, and lens of the eye do not require insulin for glucose transport
- Four types based on onset and duration: Rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting
Amylin Analogs:
- Co-secreted with insulin by beta cells
- Slows gastric emptying
- Suppresses glucagon secretion
Incretin Mimetics:
- Peptide hormones from the duodenum
- Stimulate insulin, inhibit glucagon, and slow stomach emptying
- Exenatide is an example that activates incretin receptor
Secretagogues:
- Increase insulin production and release (not for Type 1)
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors:
- Delay glucose absorption for slower postprandial blood glucose rise
Biguanides:
- Decrease liver glucose production and increase intestinal glucose absorption
- Metformin is an example
Thiazolidinediones:
- Increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, fat, and liver cells
- Rosiglitazone is an example
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors:
- Prolong the activity of incretin GLP-1 to increase insulin production and reduce glucagon
- Sitagliptin is an example
Hyperglycemic Drugs:
- Glucagon is used to treat low blood sugar
- Administered subcutaneously

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions of insulin, glucagon, and the islets of Langerhans in relation to diabetes mellitus. This quiz covers key concepts regarding hormone regulation, glucose metabolism, and the effects of insulin therapy. Perfect for those studying endocrinology or related health sciences.