Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two most important hormones involved in glucose homeostasis?
What are the two most important hormones involved in glucose homeostasis?
- Insulin and glucagon (correct)
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone
- Growth hormone and cortisol
What is the name of the precursor molecule that is cleaved to form insulin and C-peptide?
What is the name of the precursor molecule that is cleaved to form insulin and C-peptide?
Proinsulin
Which of the following hormones cause an increase in glucose levels in the blood?
Which of the following hormones cause an increase in glucose levels in the blood?
- Adrenaline
- Growth hormone
- Glucocorticoids
- All of the above (correct)
The condition of increasing blood glucose level is called ______.
The condition of increasing blood glucose level is called ______.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a decreased response to insulin known as insulin resistance.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a decreased response to insulin known as insulin resistance.
Match the following diabetic conditions with their primary characteristics:
Match the following diabetic conditions with their primary characteristics:
Which of the following tests is used to determine whether the body has difficulty metabolizing ingested glucose?
Which of the following tests is used to determine whether the body has difficulty metabolizing ingested glucose?
The HbA1c test provides an average measure of blood glucose levels over the past 3 months.
The HbA1c test provides an average measure of blood glucose levels over the past 3 months.
What is the normal range for HbA1c levels in individuals who are not diabetic?
What is the normal range for HbA1c levels in individuals who are not diabetic?
C-peptide is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas and acts directly on cells to promote glucose uptake.
C-peptide is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas and acts directly on cells to promote glucose uptake.
Which of the following conditions may lead to a false-positive result in a urine glucose test?
Which of the following conditions may lead to a false-positive result in a urine glucose test?
What is the primary function of the enolase enzyme?
What is the primary function of the enolase enzyme?
What is the primary characteristic of the fructosamine test?
What is the primary characteristic of the fructosamine test?
Flashcards
Glucose Estimation
Glucose Estimation
Determining the amount of glucose in the blood or other fluids.
Dietary Carbohydrates
Dietary Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates obtained from food.
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood Glucose Concentration
Blood Glucose Concentration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insulin
Insulin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glucagon
Glucagon
Signup and view all the flashcards
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insulin Resistance
Insulin Resistance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Random Blood Glucose (RBG)
Random Blood Glucose (RBG)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPG)
Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPG)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Renal Threshold
Renal Threshold
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ketones
Ketones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Signup and view all the flashcards
HbA1c
HbA1c
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fructosamine Test
Fructosamine Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
C-peptide Test
C-peptide Test
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Glucose Estimation
- The body gets glucose from dietary carbohydrates and internal production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
- Blood glucose levels rely on the balance of glucose intake and utilization.
- Key hormones in glucose homeostasis are insulin (lowers glucose) and glucagon (raises glucose).
- Insulin is a 51 amino acid polypeptide, secreted by beta cells in the pancreas in response to high blood sugar. It's initially proinsulin, then cleaved into insulin and C-peptide.
Other Hormones That Increase Glucose Levels
- Adrenaline
- Growth hormone
- Glucocorticoids
- Cortisol
Disorders in Hormonal Circulation
- Hyperglycemia: High blood glucose levels.
- Hypoglycemia: Low blood glucose levels.
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
- Type 1 (Insulin-dependent): Autoimmune disease affecting insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Treatment involves insulin injections.
- Type 2 (Non-insulin-dependent): Body cells become resistant to insulin. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and potentially insulin.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
- Occurs during pregnancy.
- Placenta hormones can cause rising blood glucose levels, needing higher insulin levels.
- Mothers with GDM may later have Type 2 diabetes.
Diagnosing Diabetes
- Blood samples (e.g., random blood glucose, fasting blood glucose)
- Urine sample tests (detect glucose, ketones)
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): Measures blood glucose after ingestion of glucose solution.
Glycemic Control Tests
- HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c): Average blood glucose levels over 3 months.
- Fructosamine test: Average blood glucose over 2-3 weeks.
- C-peptide test: Measures the amount of insulin produced by the body.
Prediabetes and Diabetes
- Prediabetes: Blood glucose level between normal and diabetic levels.
- Diabetes Mellitus: Elevated blood glucose levels.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
