Glucogenic Amino Acids Pathway: Alanine to Pyruvate

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Which process involves converting other carbohydrates to glucose, but is not considered as gluconeogenesis?

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

Glycogenesis (correct)

What is the primary substrate used in gluconeogenesis?

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates (correct)

Fats

Which process involves breaking down glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream?

Glycogenolysis (correct)

Ketogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

In the context provided, what process specifically refers to the conversion of non-carbohydrate sources to glucose?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor for entering the glucogenic pathway?

Alanine Signup and view all the answers

What transformation does alanine undergo to enter the glucogenic pathway?

Transamination Signup and view all the answers

Which keto acid does alanine become after transamination?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What is the easiest amino acid to enter into the glucogenic pathway?

Alanine Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathway does alanine enter after transamination?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process described?

High concentration Signup and view all the answers

What does the compound attach to in the process?

GPCR Signup and view all the answers

Which step results in the activation of cAMP synthesis?

Attaching to GPCR Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the described process?

Protein kinase A attachment Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for activating protein kinase A in the process?

cAMP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Enzymes in glycolysis have a positive ΔG in phosphorylation, while enzymes in gluconeogenesis have a negative ΔG. Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process described occur, according to the text?

Kidney and liver Signup and view all the answers

What molecule provides both energy and a phosphate group for the phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to couple the phosphorylation in glycolysis with ATP hydrolysis?

To generate a negative net ΔG Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs does NOT play a role in the process described?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What are the products when 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is converted to glyceraldehyde 3-P during gluconeogenesis?

Inorganic phosphate, 2 NAD+ Signup and view all the answers

What happens when 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate in gluconeogenesis?

2 ATP are hydrolyzed to 2 ADP Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are oxidized into NAD+ during gluconeogenesis?

NADH Signup and view all the answers

What role does inorganic phosphate play in the conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-P?

It is released Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are hydrolyzed to ADP during the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT involved in gluconeogenesis?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

When does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?

During fasting or starvation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a site where gluconeogenesis occurs?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

Besides the liver and kidneys, where else can gluconeogenesis occur?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glycerol once it is released from the adipocytes?

It travels through the bloodstream on albumin Signup and view all the answers

How are fatty acids transported in the bloodstream?

Bound to lipoproteins Signup and view all the answers

What do different cell types primarily use fatty acids for?

Energy production Signup and view all the answers

Which protein serves as a carrier for glycerol in the bloodstream?

Albumin Signup and view all the answers

How is glycerol related to the breakdown of fatty acids?

Glycerol is a byproduct of fatty acid breakdown Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of gluconeogenesis in metabolism?

Converting pyruvate into glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of alanine after undergoing transamination?

Converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate for gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily regulates the process of gluconeogenesis in the body?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the key purpose of gluconeogenesis in terms of maintaining blood glucose levels?

To stabilize blood glucose levels during fasting or starvation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in relation to Hexokinase/Glucokinase?

Catalyzes the breakdown of glucose 6-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Where does Glucose 6-phosphatase function in the cell?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which transporter is responsible for transporting glucose from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol in hepatocytes/kidney cells?

Glute 7 transporter Signup and view all the answers

After exiting the cell, how does glucose reach the bloodstream?

Through other types of glucose transporters Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Hexokinase/Glucokinase in this process?

Converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate in the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Why is acetyl CoA specifically mentioned as the activator for pyruvate carboxylase?

Acetyl CoA is produced in large amounts during fatty acid degradation in fasting state Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the excess acetyl CoA that cannot be utilized by the Krebs cycle in fasting conditions?

It accumulates and activates pyruvate carboxylase Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, what role does pyruvate carboxylase play in gluconeogenesis?

It catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic state of the cell triggers the activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl CoA?

Fasting state Signup and view all the answers

Why does the cell require the activation of pyruvate carboxylase during fasting?

To generate glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Why is ATP not used in the dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate?

The phosphatase enzyme has a negative ΔG. Signup and view all the answers

What drives the dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate by the phosphatase enzyme?

Negative ΔG Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the text, what is the significance of the negative ΔG in the dephosphorylation reaction?

It facilitates the conversion of Glucose 6-phosphate without ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Why does dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate not utilize ATP despite being an energy-requiring process?

Presence of a negative ΔG Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic condition would likely alter the need for ATP in the dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate?

Starvation state Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for converting Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in the final step of glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase Signup and view all the answers

In gluconeogenesis, which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate, the reverse reaction of the last step in glycolysis?

Hexokinase Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule serves as the precursor for the synthesis of Phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?

Malonyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is NOT directly involved in the conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in glycolysis or its reverse reaction in gluconeogenesis?

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding Pyruvate kinase is INCORRECT in the context of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate kinase is activated by fructose-6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial reaction that takes place in mitochondria involving pyruvate?

Conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase Signup and view all the answers

Why is pyruvate carboxylase activation essential during fasting?

To convert excess acetyl CoA into pyruvate for energy production Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxaloacetate in the context of pyruvate metabolism?

It reacts with acetyl-CoA to form citrate in the TCA cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria?

Pyruvate carboxylase Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is produced as a result of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase?

Oxaloacetate Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of inorganic phosphate in the conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-P during gluconeogenesis?

It is consumed by the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate outcome of the ATP molecules hydrolyzed to ADP during the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in gluconeogenesis?

They are used for cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in the context of gluconeogenesis?

Serves as a carrier of high-energy phosphate bonds Signup and view all the answers

How does NADH contribute to the conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-P?

It provides electrons to reduce NAD+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of NAD+ in the context of gluconeogenesis?

To carry electrons from NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in gluconeogenesis?

Converting glucose 6-phosphate back to glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transporters are responsible for facilitating the exit of glucose from hepatocytes/kidney cells in gluconeogenesis?

Fructose transporters Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for transporting glucose from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol in hepatocytes/kidney cells during gluconeogenesis?

Glute 7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Glucose 6-phosphatase and Hexokinase/Glucokinase in terms of their roles in glucose metabolism?

Glucose 6-phosphatase converts glucose back to glucose 6-phosphate while Hexokinase/Glucokinase phosphorylate glucose Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gluconeogenesis, what is the primary role of Glute 7 existing on the ER membrane?

Facilitating the entry of glucose into the cell Signup and view all the answers

Glucogenic Amino Acids Pathway: Alanine to Pyruvate

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Questions and Answers

Which process involves converting other carbohydrates to glucose, but is not considered as gluconeogenesis?

What is the primary substrate used in gluconeogenesis?

Which process involves breaking down glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream?

In the context provided, what process specifically refers to the conversion of non-carbohydrate sources to glucose?

Which metabolic pathway involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate?

What is the precursor for entering the glucogenic pathway?

What transformation does alanine undergo to enter the glucogenic pathway?

Which keto acid does alanine become after transamination?

What is the easiest amino acid to enter into the glucogenic pathway?

Which metabolic pathway does alanine enter after transamination?

What is the first step in the process described?

What does the compound attach to in the process?

Which step results in the activation of cAMP synthesis?

What is the final step in the described process?

Which component is responsible for activating protein kinase A in the process?

What is the main difference between the enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Where does the process described occur, according to the text?

What molecule provides both energy and a phosphate group for the phosphorylation of glucose in glycolysis?

Why is it necessary to couple the phosphorylation in glycolysis with ATP hydrolysis?

Which of the following organs does NOT play a role in the process described?

What are the products when 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is converted to glyceraldehyde 3-P during gluconeogenesis?

What happens when 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate in gluconeogenesis?

Which molecules are oxidized into NAD+ during gluconeogenesis?

What role does inorganic phosphate play in the conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-P?

How many ATP molecules are hydrolyzed to ADP during the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate?

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Which component is NOT involved in gluconeogenesis?

When does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?

Which of the following is NOT a site where gluconeogenesis occurs?

Besides the liver and kidneys, where else can gluconeogenesis occur?

What happens to glycerol once it is released from the adipocytes?

How are fatty acids transported in the bloodstream?

What do different cell types primarily use fatty acids for?

Which protein serves as a carrier for glycerol in the bloodstream?

How is glycerol related to the breakdown of fatty acids?

Which process involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

What is the primary role of gluconeogenesis in metabolism?

What is the fate of alanine after undergoing transamination?

Which organ primarily regulates the process of gluconeogenesis in the body?

What is the key purpose of gluconeogenesis in terms of maintaining blood glucose levels?

What is the function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in relation to Hexokinase/Glucokinase?

Where does Glucose 6-phosphatase function in the cell?

Which transporter is responsible for transporting glucose from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol in hepatocytes/kidney cells?

After exiting the cell, how does glucose reach the bloodstream?

What is the role of Hexokinase/Glucokinase in this process?

Why is acetyl CoA specifically mentioned as the activator for pyruvate carboxylase?

What happens to the excess acetyl CoA that cannot be utilized by the Krebs cycle in fasting conditions?

In the context provided, what role does pyruvate carboxylase play in gluconeogenesis?

What metabolic state of the cell triggers the activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl CoA?

Why does the cell require the activation of pyruvate carboxylase during fasting?

Why is ATP not used in the dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate?

What drives the dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate by the phosphatase enzyme?

In the context of the text, what is the significance of the negative ΔG in the dephosphorylation reaction?

Why does dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate not utilize ATP despite being an energy-requiring process?

What metabolic condition would likely alter the need for ATP in the dephosphorylation of Glucose 6-phosphate?

What is the enzyme responsible for converting Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in the final step of glycolysis?

In gluconeogenesis, which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate, the reverse reaction of the last step in glycolysis?

Which molecule serves as the precursor for the synthesis of Phosphoenolpyruvate from pyruvate in gluconeogenesis?

Which of the following enzymes is NOT directly involved in the conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate in glycolysis or its reverse reaction in gluconeogenesis?

Which of the following statements regarding Pyruvate kinase is INCORRECT in the context of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

What is the initial reaction that takes place in mitochondria involving pyruvate?

Why is pyruvate carboxylase activation essential during fasting?

What is the role of oxaloacetate in the context of pyruvate metabolism?

Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in the mitochondria?

Which substance is produced as a result of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase?

What is the fate of inorganic phosphate in the conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-P during gluconeogenesis?

What is the ultimate outcome of the ATP molecules hydrolyzed to ADP during the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in gluconeogenesis?

What is the function of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in the context of gluconeogenesis?

How does NADH contribute to the conversion of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-P?

What is the primary role of NAD+ in the context of gluconeogenesis?

What is the primary function of Glucose 6-phosphatase in gluconeogenesis?

Which type of transporters are responsible for facilitating the exit of glucose from hepatocytes/kidney cells in gluconeogenesis?

What is the enzyme responsible for transporting glucose from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol in hepatocytes/kidney cells during gluconeogenesis?

What is the main difference between Glucose 6-phosphatase and Hexokinase/Glucokinase in terms of their roles in glucose metabolism?

In the context of gluconeogenesis, what is the primary role of Glute 7 existing on the ER membrane?

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