Glomerulonephritis and Hypertension Quiz

In chronic bronchitis, the mucus glands in the bronchi enlarge, leading to excessive mucus production, which contributes to the characteristic cough and airway obstruction.

Squamous metaplasia in bronchi is a change in the lining of the airways, where the normal ciliated columnar epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium. This is often a response to chronic irritation, like smoking.

Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged due to high pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension). This can occur as a complication of chronic lung diseases like chronic bronchitis.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that increases in number during allergic reactions, including asthma. They are often found in the sputum of asthmatic patients.

Curschman spirals are spiral-shaped mucus casts found in the sputum of asthmatic patients. These are formed by tightly coiled mucus plugs in the bronchi.

Streptokinase is used to dissolve blood clots (thrombolysis). After myocardial infarction, it can help restore blood flow, but may lead to cell death (apoptosis) in the affected area.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a heart muscle disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption. It weakens the heart muscle, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.

A buttonhole mitral valve is a condition where the mitral valve, which regulates blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes thickened and stiff. It often occurs due to rheumatic heart disease.

Membrano-proliferative GN is characterized by hypercellular glomeruli, thickened basement membranes, basement membrane spikes, and an accentuated lobular pattern. It can present as either nephrotic or nephritic syndrome.

The most common outcome of Acute Diffuse Glomerulonephritis (ADGN) is complete recovery with conservative therapy.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a systemic vasculitis that affects small blood vessels, predominantly in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. The presence of IgA deposition in the mesangium is a characteristic feature of this condition.

Acute Diffuse Tubular Necrosis (ATN) is a kidney injury that results from damage to the tubular cells, often caused by toxins, ischemia, or other insults. Transfusion of hepatitis B-infected blood, while a serious medical concern, is not a direct cause of ATN.

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the renal artery is a condition that affects the arteries of the kidneys. It can cause narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure) because of reduced blood flow to the kidneys. This can often be surgically treated.

Ampicillin is a type of antibiotic. Interstitial nephritis is a type of kidney inflammation that can be a side effect of certain medications, including ampicillin, and is often associated with eosinophilia (an increase in a type of white blood cell).

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by excessive protein loss in the urine (proteinuria), low levels of protein in the blood (hypoalbuminemia), high cholesterol levels, and swelling (edema). While many conditions can cause nephrotic syndrome, viral hepatitis is not directly associated with its development.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease that is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the bile ducts within the liver. It is more common in women and can develop in stages. One of the defining features of PBC is the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies.

A rare but serious complication of severe bleeding during pregnancy, potentially caused by blood loss and decreased blood flow to the pituitary gland.

A condition characterized by a cluster of polyps throughout the colon, known for its high risk of developing colon cancer, particularly in individuals with a family history.

A type of precancerous growth in the uterine lining, characterized by abnormal cell growth, increasing the risk of developing endometrial cancer.

A rare but potentially aggressive tumor of the breast, often mimicking a fibroadenoma, but with a higher risk of malignancy compared to ordinary fibroadenomas.

A chronic inflammatory disease of the digestive tract, typically affecting the entire colon, characterized by continuous inflammation and ulceration of the lining.

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, characterized by transmural inflammation, meaning it affects the entire thickness of the intestinal wall, with potential for fistulas and abscesses.

The most common cause of sudden bleeding within the space surrounding the brain, often leading to severe headaches and neurological complications.

A rare condition characterized by excessive acid production in the stomach, leading to ulcers and other complications.

Arteriovenous shunts are abnormal connections between arteries and veins, bypassing capillaries. They can be caused by various conditions, including Cavernous Hemangioma. This is a benign tumor filled with blood vessels and found in the liver, brain, and skin. The other options are associated with other diseases.

Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder causing dwarfism with short limbs and a relatively normal trunk. It's autosomal dominant, meaning a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause it. New mutations account for 80% of cases, meaning the mutation arises spontaneously. It's not associated with a short lifespan.

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome is characterized by tears in the esophagus due to forceful vomiting or retching. It's associated with alcoholism, but squamous carcinoma is NOT a feature. Squamous carcinoma is a type of cancer that can affect the esophagus, but it's not directly related to Mallory-Weiss Syndrome.

Osteoblastic secondaries are cancerous tumors in the bone that cause an increase in bone formation, leading to elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. Prostate cancer is more likely to cause osteoblastic secondaries, leading to elevated alkaline phosphatase levels.

Autoimmune gastritis is a condition where the immune system attacks the stomach lining. It's characterized by autoantibodies to gastric parietal cells, which produce stomach acid. The condition is associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis, a thyroid autoimmune disorder. Hyperacidity, excessive stomach acid production, is NOT a feature of autoimmune gastritis. Instead, the condition leads to gastric mucosal atrophy, thinning of the stomach lining.

Barrett's esophagus is a condition where the lining of the esophagus changes due to chronic acid reflux. It's associated with GERD, long history of heartburn, and dysplastic changes, but keratinizing squamous carcinoma is NOT a feature. While Barrett's esophagus is a risk factor for esophageal cancer, the most common type in this condition is adenocarcinoma, not squamous carcinoma.

Acute gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by severe stress, shock, excessive alcohol consumption, and excessive aspirin use. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease and not directly associated with acute gastritis.

Giant cell tumors are benign tumors that typically affect people aged 20-40. Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer, and it's typically found in people aged 10-20. It's important to note that giant cell tumors are NOT related to a specific age group.

Metastases to the pericardium, a covering over the heart, are a common finding in disseminated malignancies. This is because cancer spreads through the bloodstream and the pericardium is a good location for these cells to lodge.

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Prostate specific antigen (PSA), and Chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (HCG) are all tumor markers used to monitor and detect specific cancers.

Kartagener's Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects cilia, hair-like structures that help move mucus. This can lead to infections and problems clearing airways, eventually causing bronchiectasis.

While Hemoptysis, Brain Abscess, Foul-Smelling Breath, and Bronchogenic Carcinoma are all possible complications of Bronchiectasis, Amyloidosis is not. Amyloidosis is a disease caused by the buildup of abnormal proteins in the body, and is not directly related to Bronchiectasis.

The first stage of Lobar Pneumonia is Congestion and Edema. This is characterized by blood vessel dilation, fluid buildup, and inflammation within the lung tissue.

Bronchopneumonia is characterized by patchy consolidation of lung tissue, affecting both lungs. Unlike Lobar Pneumonia, it does not typically undergo distinct stages like Congestive Hepatization and Resolution.

Oesophageal Varices, which are enlarged veins in the esophagus, are the most serious complication of Portal Hypertension. They can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding.

Patients with Cushing’s syndrome can present with Moon Face, Impaired Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT), Thinning of the Skin, and Hypertension. However, they have increased pigmentation due to excess ACTH, not hypopigmentation.

Pulmonary atelectasis is the collapse of lung tissue. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including aspiration of a foreign body, pulmonary embolism, squamous cell carcinoma, penetrating chest trauma, and bronchiolectasis. In this scenario, the most likely cause is aspiration of a foreign body because it is the only option that can cause a complete collapse of an entire lung.

A pansystolic murmur is a heart murmur that is heard throughout the entire cardiac cycle, meaning it's present during both systole (when the heart is contracting) and diastole (when it's relaxing). The most likely cause of pansystolic murmur in a 5-week-old baby is a ventricular septal defect (VSD). A VSD is a hole between the two ventricles of the heart, allowing blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, resulting in the murmur.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. It can be caused by a variety of viruses, including Coxsackie B virus. A Coxsackie B serologic titer of 1:160 is a strong indicator of a recent Coxsackie B virus infection, making it the most likely to be associated with myocarditis.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a cancer that originates in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose. It's commonly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is found more frequently in Southern China and children in Africa. Treatment typically involves a combination of therapies, including radiation and chemotherapy.

Carcinoma of the larynx is a cancer that originates in the larynx, the voice box. It's linked to several risk factors, including tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and exposure to radiation. While HPV can be a risk factor for head and neck cancers, it's not as strongly associated with laryngeal cancer as the others.

A congenital ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between the two ventricles of the heart. Over time, this can lead to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary hypertension) due to the continuous flow of blood from the left to the right ventricle. This increased pressure can put strain on the lungs.

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart. Constrictive pericarditis is a chronic condition characterized by a thickened and fibrotic pericardium, restricting the heart's ability to fill properly. The presence of a friction rub, increased urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels are strong indicators of this type of pericarditis.

A hemorrhagic pleural effusion is the accumulation of blood in the space between the lung and the chest wall (pleural space). Metastatic cancers, particularly those of the lung, breast, or ovary, are known to spread to the pleura and cause hemorrhagic effusions. This is due to the abnormal blood vessels and the fragility of these vessels in the cancer.