Glomerulonephritis and Immune Responses Quiz

Inflammation of the glomerulus, the filtering unit within the kidneys. It can be acute or chronic and is a major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Glomerulonephritis caused directly by problems with the glomeruli, without involvement of other diseases.

Glomerulonephritis caused by diseases affecting the body as a whole, like diabetes or lupus.

An immune response where antibodies directly attack specific components of the glomerular basement membrane.

An immune response where immune complexes (antigen-antibody combinations) are deposited in the glomerulus, triggering inflammation.

An immune response where T-cells directly attack glomerular cells, leading to damage.

A common cause of glomerulonephritis that occurs after a streptococcal infection of the throat or skin. It involves the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli.

A form of glomerulonephritis caused by diabetes, which is the most common cause of chronic glomerulonephritis.

A type of immune response where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, specifically targeting the glomeruli in the kidneys.

Antibodies directly attack glomerular structures, like the basement membrane, leading to inflammation and damage. This is seen in conditions such as Goodpasture syndrome.

Damage to the filtering units in the kidneys (glomeruli) can be caused by inflammation, leading to swelling and narrowing of the blood vessels. This reduces the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluid.

Glomerulonephritis is not directly contagious. However, infections can trigger immune responses that lead to the condition, although the infection itself is not directly transmitted to others.

A known risk factor for acute glomerulonephritis. Infections caused by this bacteria can trigger the immune system to attack the kidneys.

This disease is a major risk factor for chronic glomerulonephritis, leading to progressive damage to the kidneys.

These medications can potentially increase the risk of developing Glomerulonephritis. It's important to discuss potential risks and alternatives with your doctor.

Chronic inflammation can lead to scarring and fibrosis in the kidneys, further impairing function and potentially leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD).

A kidney disorder characterized by massive protein loss in urine (proteinuria), low blood albumin (hypoalbuminemia), swelling (edema), and high blood fats (hyperlipidemia/hyperlipiduria). It arises from damage to the glomerular filtration barrier.

The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, characterized by damage to the podocytes, leading to the loss of the negative charge barrier in the glomerular basement membrane, allowing albumin to leak into the urine.

A condition that causes scarring (sclerosis) in parts of the glomeruli, often idiopathic but can be linked to HIV infection, obesity, and heroin use.

An autoimmune disorder caused by immune complexes depositing on the glomerular basement membrane, often associated with autoimmune diseases like lupus, cancer, or infections.

An inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, often caused by immune responses, infections (like post-streptococcal), toxins, medications, or ischemia.

Causes of glomerulonephritis that arise from underlying conditions like diabetes, lupus, chronic infections, or immune complexes.

Causes of glomerulonephritis arising directly from immune responses, infections, toxins, medications, or ischemia, without an underlying condition.

Inflammation of the glomeruli triggered by bacterial infections, particularly Streptococcus, which can lead to post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Infections like those caused by Streptococcus, autoimmune disorders like lupus, and even certain medications can trigger immune responses that lead to damage of the glomerulus.

The appearance of blood cells in the urine, often giving it a reddish or brown color.

Reduced urine output due to the kidneys' inability to properly filter waste and fluids.

High blood pressure due to fluid retention caused by the kidneys' impaired filtering capacity.

Infections like HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and malaria are linked to nephrotic syndrome.

Intravenous drug use can increase the risk of infections like HIV and hepatitis C, which are linked to nephrotic syndrome. Also, some medications like NSAIDs and antibiotics can harm the kidneys.

Obesity can increase the risk of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a common cause of nephrotic syndrome.

Chronic hypertension and diabetes increase the risk of diabetic nephropathy, which can present as nephrotic syndrome.

Exposure to heavy metals like mercury can cause nephrotic syndrome.

Minimal change disease (MCD) is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, while FSGS and membranous nephropathy are more common in adults.

Certain types of nephrotic syndrome, like membranous nephropathy, are more common in men.

Genetic mutations linked to FSGS and congenital nephrotic syndrome include NPHS1, NPHS2, and ACTN4.

A group of kidney disorders marked by blood in the urine (hematuria), decreased urine output (oliguria), reduced kidney filtration rate (GFR), and high blood pressure (hypertension).

Inflammation of the tiny blood vessels (glomeruli) in the kidneys caused by an immune system attack.

A systemic autoimmune disease where antibodies attack various parts of the body, including the kidneys, causing immune complex deposition and inflammation in the glomeruli.

A type of Nephritic syndrome where IgA antibodies form immune complexes that deposit in the glomerular mesangium (a supporting structure) causing inflammation.

A rare autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the basement membrane in the glomeruli, causing inflammation and damage.

Immune complexes (antigen-antibody combinations) are deposited in the glomeruli, activating the complement system and attracting inflammatory cells. These cells release damaging enzymes and reactive oxygen species, increasing the permeability of the filtration barrier, leading to inflammation and reduced GFR.

The increased permeability of the glomerular capillary wall allows blood cells and protein to leak into the urine, leading to hematuria (blood in urine) and proteinuria (protein in urine). Inflammation causes the tiny blood vessels in the glomeruli to become swollen and less efficient in filtering waste, leading to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and decreased urine output (oliguria). The inflammation and damage to the glomeruli also contribute to high blood pressure (hypertension) as the kidneys are unable to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance properly.