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Questions and Answers
What is the primary physiological effect of loop diuretics in the body?
What is the primary physiological effect of loop diuretics in the body?
- Increase blood volume
- Decrease blood pressure (correct)
- Stimulate aldosterone release
- Increase glomerular filtration rate
Which cells release renin in response to decreased NaCl concentration?
Which cells release renin in response to decreased NaCl concentration?
- Macula densa cells
- Podocytes in the efferent glomerulus
- Granular cells in the arteriole (correct)
- Juxtaglomerular cells
What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the body?
What is the primary function of angiotensin II in the body?
- Promote aldosterone release (correct)
- Inhibit vasopressin release
- Decrease arteriolar vasoconstriction
- Suppress thirst sensation
How does dehydration purposefully regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the body?
How does dehydration purposefully regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the body?
Which physiological response occurs when there is a reduction in blood volume detected by baroreceptors?
Which physiological response occurs when there is a reduction in blood volume detected by baroreceptors?
What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics such as furosemide?
What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics such as furosemide?
How does angiotensin II contribute to maintaining blood pressure in the body?
How does angiotensin II contribute to maintaining blood pressure in the body?
What is the role of baroreceptors in regulating blood pressure?
What is the role of baroreceptors in regulating blood pressure?
What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?
What is the primary driving force behind glomerular filtration?
What cells in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism monitor sodium chloride levels?
What cells in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism monitor sodium chloride levels?
What is the role of adenosine in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
What is the role of adenosine in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
What is the role of the myogenic mechanism in intrinsic control of blood pressure?
What is the role of the myogenic mechanism in intrinsic control of blood pressure?
What is the effect of nitric oxide on the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
What is the effect of nitric oxide on the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
What is the effect of high blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the effect of high blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What is the role of Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure in glomerular filtration?
What is the role of Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure in glomerular filtration?
What are the three forces that determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
What are the three forces that determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Explain the role of myogenic mechanism in intrinsic control of blood pressure.
Explain the role of myogenic mechanism in intrinsic control of blood pressure.
How do the macula densa cells contribute to the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
How do the macula densa cells contribute to the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
Describe the role of granular cells in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
Describe the role of granular cells in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
How does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism utilize nitric oxide?
How does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism utilize nitric oxide?
Explain the role of granular cells in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and how their activity is regulated.
Explain the role of granular cells in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and how their activity is regulated.
Describe the mechanism by which loop diuretics such as furosemide impact the renal system.
Describe the mechanism by which loop diuretics such as furosemide impact the renal system.
Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system counteracts stimuli that trigger renin release.
Explain how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system counteracts stimuli that trigger renin release.
Discuss the significance of counter current multiplication in the kidney's nephron function and its relationship to loop diuretics.
Discuss the significance of counter current multiplication in the kidney's nephron function and its relationship to loop diuretics.
How does dehydration purposely regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and what physiological responses are triggered to maintain homeostasis?
How does dehydration purposely regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and what physiological responses are triggered to maintain homeostasis?
In the presence of dehydration, the release of renin by granular cells is triggered by a decrease in NaCl detected by macula densa cells.
In the presence of dehydration, the release of renin by granular cells is triggered by a decrease in NaCl detected by macula densa cells.
Loop diuretics work by blocking the NKCC2 cotransporter, leading to an increase in blood volume and subsequently increasing blood pressure.
Loop diuretics work by blocking the NKCC2 cotransporter, leading to an increase in blood volume and subsequently increasing blood pressure.
Angiotensin II causes arteriolar vasodilation and a decrease in aldosterone release.
Angiotensin II causes arteriolar vasodilation and a decrease in aldosterone release.
The myogenic mechanism is part of the extrinsic control of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
The myogenic mechanism is part of the extrinsic control of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
In response to reduced blood volume detected by baroreceptors, the sympathetic activity decreases, leading to arteriolar vasodilation and an increase in GFR.
In response to reduced blood volume detected by baroreceptors, the sympathetic activity decreases, leading to arteriolar vasodilation and an increase in GFR.
where is aldosterone released from?
where is aldosterone released from?
what does aldosterone do?
what does aldosterone do?
what causes renin to be released? and what system releases it?
what causes renin to be released? and what system releases it?
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Study Notes
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- GFR is the amount of blood that can be filtered from the glomerulus into the tubule.
- It is a passive process due to fluid dynamics.
- Glomerular capillaries are more permeable than other capillaries.
Factors Affecting GFR
- Glomerular capillary blood pressure (favours filtration) due to larger afferent compared to efferent arteriole.
- Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure (opposes filtration) due to a mixture of proteins.
- Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (opposes filtration) due to physical pressure exerted by liquid.
- Net filtration pressure (favours filtration) is the result of the three forces.
Intrinsic Control of GFR
- Intrinsic control is from within the kidneys.
- Myogenic mechanism: baroreceptors in the arteriole contract or dilate.
- Tubuloglomerular feedback: specialized cells called Juxtaglomerular apparatus in the DCT and afferent arteriole.
- Granular cells in the efferent arteriole and macula densa cells in the DCT monitor NaCl.
- High BP leads to increased blood flow, increased filtrate, and more NaCl.
- Macula densa cells send a paracrine message to arteriole cells by releasing ATP and adenosine, causing constriction and decreased blood flow.
- Another level of control is when macula densa cells secrete nitric oxide (vasodilator).
Extrinsic Control of GFR
- Extrinsic control overrides intrinsic control.
- Dehydration leads to reduced blood volume, reduced arteriole blood pressure, and increased sympathetic activity.
- This increases BP, arteriole vasoconstriction, and decreases GFR, filtrate, and urine production.
- More fluid is absorbed back into the bloodstream.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- RAAS is activated in response to decreased blood pressure and NaCl.
- Granular cells in the arteriole release renin due to baroreceptors activity and macula densa cells detecting decreased NaCl.
- Renin ultimately causes the release of angiotensin II, which leads to:
- Arteriolar vasoconstriction
- Vasopressin release
- Aldosterone release
- Thirst
- All of these counteract the stimuli that led to renin release.
Loop Diuretics
- Loop diuretics are used to treat oedema associated with heart, liver, and renal failure.
- They treat hypertension by decreasing blood volume and BP.
- They help to urinate more frequently by blocking the NKCC2 cotransporter.
- Counter current is the descending and ascending limb being next to each other, meaning fluid goes in opposite directions.
- Loop diuretics block the NKCC2 cotransporter.
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