Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does 'Gender Egalitarianism' measure in the context of cultural dimensions?
What does 'Gender Egalitarianism' measure in the context of cultural dimensions?
In which cultural dimension is the concept of 'In-group collectivism' primarily concerned?
In which cultural dimension is the concept of 'In-group collectivism' primarily concerned?
How does 'Institutional collectivism' differ from individualism in cultural dimensions?
How does 'Institutional collectivism' differ from individualism in cultural dimensions?
Which GLOBE dimension most closely aligns with the concept of assertiveness in interpersonal interactions?
Which GLOBE dimension most closely aligns with the concept of assertiveness in interpersonal interactions?
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How does 'Humane Orientation' relate to societal values?
How does 'Humane Orientation' relate to societal values?
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What is the primary focus of the 'Performance orientation' cultural dimension?
What is the primary focus of the 'Performance orientation' cultural dimension?
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Which of the following dimensions does GLOBE expand that was previously categorized in Hofstede's model?
Which of the following dimensions does GLOBE expand that was previously categorized in Hofstede's model?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between 'In-group collectivism' and Hofstede's individualism?
Which statement best describes the relationship between 'In-group collectivism' and Hofstede's individualism?
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What does the term 'glass ceiling' refer to in the context of leadership?
What does the term 'glass ceiling' refer to in the context of leadership?
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What is meant by the 'leaky pipeline' concept regarding women's career progress?
What is meant by the 'leaky pipeline' concept regarding women's career progress?
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How do gender norms influence perceptions of leadership styles between men and women?
How do gender norms influence perceptions of leadership styles between men and women?
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Which of the following statements about women in leadership is consistent with the research presented?
Which of the following statements about women in leadership is consistent with the research presented?
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What is one of the primary explanations for women's underrepresentation in elite leadership positions?
What is one of the primary explanations for women's underrepresentation in elite leadership positions?
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What does the term 'intersectionality' refer to in the context of gender and leadership?
What does the term 'intersectionality' refer to in the context of gender and leadership?
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Which statement accurately reflects the leadership effectiveness of women?
Which statement accurately reflects the leadership effectiveness of women?
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What is a significant barrier women face in developing leadership skills?
What is a significant barrier women face in developing leadership skills?
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What are the four key components of leadership?
What are the four key components of leadership?
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Which of the following best describes trait leadership?
Which of the following best describes trait leadership?
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How does leadership differ from management according to Kotter?
How does leadership differ from management according to Kotter?
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Which behavior is NOT associated with positive communication in leadership?
Which behavior is NOT associated with positive communication in leadership?
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Effective leadership can be defined by all but which of the following?
Effective leadership can be defined by all but which of the following?
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What characterizes successful managers compared to effective managers?
What characterizes successful managers compared to effective managers?
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Which element does NOT contribute to leadership effectiveness?
Which element does NOT contribute to leadership effectiveness?
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Which of the following statements about emergent leadership is true?
Which of the following statements about emergent leadership is true?
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Which characteristic is generally NOT associated with bad leaders?
Which characteristic is generally NOT associated with bad leaders?
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Which of the following is a component of the relational standpoint of leadership?
Which of the following is a component of the relational standpoint of leadership?
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Which trait is NOT associated with high conscientiousness?
Which trait is NOT associated with high conscientiousness?
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Which strength is NOT typically linked to effective leadership?
Which strength is NOT typically linked to effective leadership?
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How is emotional intelligence best described?
How is emotional intelligence best described?
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Which of the following is a criticism of the trait leadership approach?
Which of the following is a criticism of the trait leadership approach?
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What does the Skills Leadership Approach primarily focus on?
What does the Skills Leadership Approach primarily focus on?
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According to Katz's Three-Skill Approach, which personal skill is NOT identified as essential for effective leadership?
According to Katz's Three-Skill Approach, which personal skill is NOT identified as essential for effective leadership?
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What is one strength of the Trait Leadership Approach?
What is one strength of the Trait Leadership Approach?
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The Skills Model proposed by Mumford and colleagues primarily emphasizes which aspect of leadership?
The Skills Model proposed by Mumford and colleagues primarily emphasizes which aspect of leadership?
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What is the primary factor that determines the appropriateness of a leadership style in the SLII model?
What is the primary factor that determines the appropriateness of a leadership style in the SLII model?
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Which type of behavior primarily focuses on clarifying goals and roles for followers?
Which type of behavior primarily focuses on clarifying goals and roles for followers?
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In which leadership style does the leader provide both high direction and high support?
In which leadership style does the leader provide both high direction and high support?
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What is the key characteristic of the delegating leadership style?
What is the key characteristic of the delegating leadership style?
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What primarily separates the supporting leadership style from the coaching style?
What primarily separates the supporting leadership style from the coaching style?
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What impact does the SLII model suggest a leader's behaviour should have on followers?
What impact does the SLII model suggest a leader's behaviour should have on followers?
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In the situational leadership model, what is a primary behaviour associated with directive leadership?
In the situational leadership model, what is a primary behaviour associated with directive leadership?
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Which statement best describes the transition across the development levels of followers in the SLII model?
Which statement best describes the transition across the development levels of followers in the SLII model?
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Study Notes
GLOBE Project
- Launched in 1991
- Involved 143 countries
- Developed a classification of cultural dimensions
- Expands on existing classification systems
- Nine cultural dimensions are used for classification
- Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and future time orientation are based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
GLOBE Cultural Dimensions
-
Gender Egalitarianism
- The degree to which gender-role differences and gender inequality are minimized
- Similarities with Hofstede's masculinity
- Compared to masculinity (Hofstede): less emphasis on characteristics and more emphasis on gender equality
-
In-Group Collectivism
- The degree to which people express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness for the group they belong to
- Similarities with Hofstede's individualism
- Greater clarity compared to individualism (Hofstede): separates individualism into in-group collectivism and institutional collectivism
-
Institutional Collectivism
- The extent to which cultures encourage collective action and social programs
- Similarities with Hofstede's individualism
-
Assertiveness Orientation
- Extent to which people are assertive in interpersonal interactions
- Similarities with Hofstede’s masculinity
-
Humane Orientation
- The extent to which a society rewards people for being caring and altruistic
- Similarities with Hofstede’s femininity
Defining Leadership
- Different definitions and approaches to leadership
- Personality trait
- Behavior
- Information processing
- Relational standpoint
- Leadership: a process where an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
- Four components of leadership
- A process
- Influences others
- Occurs in groups
- Involves common goals
Leadership Perspectives
-
Trait Leadership
- Leaders have special characteristics that others do not
- Leaders are "born"
-
Process Leadership
- Leadership is context-based.
- Leadership behaviors are observed and learned
Leadership and Management
- Similarities: influence, working with others, effective goal accomplishment
- Differences: short-term vs. long-term perspective, implement policies vs. initiate goals
- Kotter (1990): Management is about order and consistency; leadership is about change and movement
- Assigned Leadership: formal position in an organization
-
Emergent Leadership: how group members respond
- Positive Communication Behaviors: verbally involved, informed, seeking others’ opinions, initiating new ideas, firm but not rigid
- Personality: intelligence, confidence, dominance
- Social Identity Theory: match between an individual and the group’s identity
Effective Leadership
- Bad leaders are easy to recognize: dishonest, self-centered, arrogant, disorganized, uncommunicative
- Effective leaders are not as easy to define.
- Effective leaders:
- Group performance
- Follower satisfaction
- Organizational change
Manager Effectiveness vs. Success
- Insight into leader effectiveness from studying managers
- Successful Managers: promoted quickly; networking, politicking
- Effective Managers: satisfied and productive employees; communicate with employees, manage conflict, training/development of employees
- Luthan’s (1989) research has implications for:
- Who should be promoted?
- Defining leader effectiveness
- Leadership effectiveness includes three elements:
- Women have leadership skills
- Underrepresented in elite leadership positions
- New questions are being asked about why this is
Gender and Leadership Analogies
- Glass Ceiling: an invisible barrier preventing women from gaining elite leadership positions
- Glass Escalator: White men are elevated to top leadership positions
- Leadership Labyrinth: a journey marked by challenges; obstacles must be overcome
Intersectionality
- Identities intersect and reflect structures of oppression and privilege
Explaining the Leadership Labyrinth
- Three main explanations
-
Human Capital Differences
- Women have less education, training, and work experience than men
- Pipeline problem: not enough qualified women
- Leaky pipeline: women are lost at various stages
- 40% of Canadian-born women (25-34) have a bachelor’s degree or higher compared to 25% of Canadian-born men
- Women have somewhat less work experience and employment continuity
- Impacted by child-rearing and domestic duties
- Women have fewer development opportunities
- May be due to prejudice
- Fewer responsibilities
- Difficulty gaining mentors
-
Gender Differences
- Gender differences in leadership style and effectiveness
- Women are different from men
- Gender norms suggest there are leadership style differences
- Women were not found to lead in a more interpersonally-oriented manner
- Women are more democratic
- May emerge from necessity
- Women tend to be more transformational
- Women also tend to prioritize welfare
- May be equally effective leaders
- But gender differences exist
- More effective in gender congruent roles
- 360 evaluations suggest women are more effective
- Gender differences in leadership style and effectiveness
- High Conscientiousness, High Openness to Experience, Low Neuroticism
-
Human Capital Differences
Strengths Leadership
- Everyone as special talents
- Leaders recognize and use those strengths
- Self and followers
- Strength: attribute or quality that accounts for an individual’s successful performance
- Various strengths and virtues are associated with leadership
- Examples of strengths: high self-control, honesty/humility, empathy, moral courage
Emotional Intelligence
- Emotional intelligence: the ability to perceive and express emotions, to use emotions to facilitate thinking, to understand and reason with emotions, and to effectively manage emotions within oneself and in relationships with others
- Understanding emotions
- Not a fixed trait
- Can be improved through training
- Leaders with emotional intelligence are less stressed, more moral
Strengths and Criticisms of the Trait Leadership Approach
-
Strengths
- Intuitive appeal
- Extensive research
- Benchmarks for developing leadership
- Helps identify potential leaders
-
Criticisms
- No exhaustive list of leadership traits
- Discounts situational influences
- Highly subjective research results
Skills Leadership Approach
- Leader-centred perspective
- Focus on leader’s skills and abilities
-
Primarily Descriptive
- Structure for understanding effective leadership
Two Main Models of the Skills Leadership Approach
- Katz (1955): Three-Skill Approach
- Mumford and Colleagues (2000): Skills Model
How Was the Three-Skill Approach Created?
- Katz conducted field research
- Observed executives at work
- What do good executives do?
- Assumes there is an “ideal executive”
- Gendered assumption
What is the Three-Skill Approach?
- Effective administration stems from three basic personal skills:
- Technical skills
- Human skills
- Conceptual skills
-
Situational Leadership II Model (SLII Model)
- Focus on leadership style, behaviours, and appropriateness to situations
- Appropriateness determined by: evaluation of followers’ competence and commitment (i.e. development level)
- Assumed followers’ skills and motivation change
- In turn, leaders must change their support
What is a Leadership Style?
-
Leadership style: the behaviour pattern of a leader
- Includes directive behaviours and supportive behaviours
Directive Behaviours
- Help followers’ accomplish goals by clarifying what is to be done, how and by who
- Behaviours include:
- Giving directions
- Establishing goals
- Setting timelines
- Defining roles
Supportive Behaviours
- Help followers’ feel comfortable by showing social and emotional support
- Behaviours include:
- Asking for input
- Delivering praise
- Listening to followers
Four Leadership Styles
-
S1: Directing
- High directive-low supportive
- Communication focused on goal achievement
- Less time spent on supportive behaviour
- What and how goals are achieved determined by the leader
- High directive-low supportive
-
S2: Coaching
- High directive- high supportive
- Communication focused on goal achievement and followers’ needs
- More emotionally involved in supporting followers
- What and how goals are achieved determined by the leader
- Influenced by followers
- High directive- high supportive
-
S3: Supporting
- High supportive- low directive
- Supportive behaviours used to highlight followers’ skills
- Followers make day-to-day decisions
- Leaders facilitate problem-solving
- High supportive- low directive
-
S4: Delegating
- Low support- low directive
- Little goal input and social support
- Facilitates follower confidence and motivation
- Followers get the job done as they see fit
- Low support- low directive
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Description
This quiz explores the GLOBE project, which launched in 1991 and involved 143 countries in developing a classification system of cultural dimensions. It focuses on nine key dimensions, including gender egalitarianism, in-group collectivism, and their relation to Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. Test your understanding of how these cultural classifications impact global interactions.
