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Questions and Answers
What percentage of global GDP do the G7 countries represent at purchasing power parity (PPP)?
What percentage of global GDP do the G7 countries represent at purchasing power parity (PPP)?
Which era in Japan is associated with rapid industrialization?
Which era in Japan is associated with rapid industrialization?
Which of the following countries is not part of the G7?
Which of the following countries is not part of the G7?
What model describes the economic development pattern of certain Asian countries moving up the added-value chain?
What model describes the economic development pattern of certain Asian countries moving up the added-value chain?
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Which region is identified as having secondary cores of the Enlarged Triad?
Which region is identified as having secondary cores of the Enlarged Triad?
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What is one of the main characteristics of emerging countries in the context of globalization?
What is one of the main characteristics of emerging countries in the context of globalization?
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Which of the following countries is considered part of the BRICS group?
Which of the following countries is considered part of the BRICS group?
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What factor has allowed new powers to specialize in industries and become global influencers in the 21st century?
What factor has allowed new powers to specialize in industries and become global influencers in the 21st century?
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What is a primary benefit of countries being part of a trade bloc?
What is a primary benefit of countries being part of a trade bloc?
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Which of the following is an example of a Free Trade Area?
Which of the following is an example of a Free Trade Area?
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What distinguishes a Customs Union from a Free Trade Area?
What distinguishes a Customs Union from a Free Trade Area?
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Which regional bloc exemplifies a Common Market?
Which regional bloc exemplifies a Common Market?
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What type of integration does the EU represent?
What type of integration does the EU represent?
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What was one of the outcomes of ASEAN's establishment in 1967?
What was one of the outcomes of ASEAN's establishment in 1967?
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Which of the following best describes the USMCA?
Which of the following best describes the USMCA?
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What significant role does the EU play on a global scale?
What significant role does the EU play on a global scale?
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What was the annual income growth for the richest 20% in China from 2000 to 2016?
What was the annual income growth for the richest 20% in China from 2000 to 2016?
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What term is used to describe countries like Somalia and Liberia that have failed to provide basic government functions?
What term is used to describe countries like Somalia and Liberia that have failed to provide basic government functions?
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What is a significant reason for under-development among LEDCs?
What is a significant reason for under-development among LEDCs?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dominated peripheries?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dominated peripheries?
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What percentage of global investments does Africa represent?
What percentage of global investments does Africa represent?
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Which country is mentioned as undergoing a normalization process since Obama's visit in 2016?
Which country is mentioned as undergoing a normalization process since Obama's visit in 2016?
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What major global issue affects approximately 1.3 billion people living on less than $1 per day?
What major global issue affects approximately 1.3 billion people living on less than $1 per day?
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Which issue primarily contributes to hunger and undernourishment for around 800 million people globally?
Which issue primarily contributes to hunger and undernourishment for around 800 million people globally?
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What is the primary purpose of the World Bank?
What is the primary purpose of the World Bank?
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Which organization succeeded the GATT in 1995?
Which organization succeeded the GATT in 1995?
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What does the IMF focus on in its international activities?
What does the IMF focus on in its international activities?
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Which group was the leading economic council of wealthy nations until 2009?
Which group was the leading economic council of wealthy nations until 2009?
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What percentage of votes does the USA hold in the IMF?
What percentage of votes does the USA hold in the IMF?
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What is the composition of the G20 group?
What is the composition of the G20 group?
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What is the main purpose of informal associations like the G8 and G20?
What is the main purpose of informal associations like the G8 and G20?
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Which country's suspension from the G8 has changed it to the G7?
Which country's suspension from the G8 has changed it to the G7?
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What is one factor that hampers cooperation to develop infrastructure in developing countries?
What is one factor that hampers cooperation to develop infrastructure in developing countries?
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What percentage of intra-zone trade does the ECOWAS in West Africa currently represent?
What percentage of intra-zone trade does the ECOWAS in West Africa currently represent?
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Which free trade agreement signed by the EU has been criticized and has yet to be ratified?
Which free trade agreement signed by the EU has been criticized and has yet to be ratified?
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What significant global event contributed to a decline in trade and a slowdown in global GDP growth?
What significant global event contributed to a decline in trade and a slowdown in global GDP growth?
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Why are some states developing protectionist policies?
Why are some states developing protectionist policies?
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What is a common consequence of accepting mega free-trade agreements?
What is a common consequence of accepting mega free-trade agreements?
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What ongoing negotiation was stopped in 2016?
What ongoing negotiation was stopped in 2016?
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What has been the general trend regarding tariffs since the signing of GATT agreements?
What has been the general trend regarding tariffs since the signing of GATT agreements?
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What is one primary function of London's Central Business District (CBD)?
What is one primary function of London's Central Business District (CBD)?
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How has gentrification affected neighborhoods in cities like New York City?
How has gentrification affected neighborhoods in cities like New York City?
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What demographic trend is characteristic of socio-spatial inequalities in MEDC cities?
What demographic trend is characteristic of socio-spatial inequalities in MEDC cities?
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What significant event did the Occupy Wall Street movement represent?
What significant event did the Occupy Wall Street movement represent?
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In developing countries, what is a common characteristic of urban landscapes?
In developing countries, what is a common characteristic of urban landscapes?
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Which economic function is NOT typically associated with London's port and airport networks?
Which economic function is NOT typically associated with London's port and airport networks?
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What impact did the 2012 Olympic Games have on urban areas like Rio's favelas?
What impact did the 2012 Olympic Games have on urban areas like Rio's favelas?
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What is one of the benefits of London being a privileged space of globalization?
What is one of the benefits of London being a privileged space of globalization?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Globalization is a process fostering interaction and integration between countries and people, but also creating inequalities and tensions.
- Globalization is a geopolitical and economic framework linking most territories.
- It influences relations and tensions between countries in a multipolar world.
Unequal Integration of Territories
- Globalization creates a hierarchy where some territories make decisions and others apply them.
- Globalization involves international company investment, transportation of goods, and the spread of technology.
- The degree of integration depends on states' globalization strategies, which can vary significantly.
- Globalization often emphasizes and creates global inequalities.
Core Countries (The Triad)
- The core countries (North America, Western Europe, and East Asia) are highly integrated.
- They account for a significant portion of global financial flows (90%) and research & development (75%).
- G7 countries (US, Canada, Japan, UK, Germany, France, and Italy), represent a small percentage of the world's population (less than 10%) but account for a large portion of global GDP (31.6% in PPP).
- Historically, core countries achieved their dominance through industrialization and colonialism (starting from the 16th century to the Meiji era).
Integrated Peripheries (BRICS)
- BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) were considered significant drivers of global growth in the 2000s.
- Their weight in global GDP has increased significantly (e.g. from 35% ).
- However, recent growth has been slower; they remain dependent on exports.
- A 2023 summit expanded the group to include 6 more nations (Argentina, Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Ethiopia).
Dominated Peripheries
- These countries are often raw material suppliers or labor markets for advanced economies.
- Exploitation of resources and cheap labor in these countries can lead to inequalities.
- They are usually integrated due to free zones/tax havens.
- Examples include developing and emerging economies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Marginalized Territories (LEDCs)
- These are often less integrated into the global economy and face significant issues, especially economic and political challenges.
- They consist of Sub-Saharan African countries, some countries in Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), and Pacific islands.
- LEDCs often deal with corruption, wars, and political instability.
Territorial Inequalities
- Globalization leads to inequalities in resource access, wages, and infrastructure development on the regional, national and local scale.
- Within countries, core regions (often cities) become more developed compared to peripheral areas (rural) due to a concentrated flow of global capital, investment, and labor.
- Wealth distribution within countries is often unbalanced and widening, which is a main focus of the discussions of globalization's downsides.
Cooperation and Trade Blocs
- Regional trade blocs (e.g., ASEAN, USMCA, Mercosur) reduce barriers between members, enhancing trade.
- Economic benefits from scale and comparative advantage are gained by participation.
- These groups can be competing economic blocs, creating tensions.
Globalization Tensions
- There are increasing tensions in globalization.
- Globalization frequently creates inequalities that generate different reactions in states and populations.
- Protecting national markets is a common response to global competition.
- Different states and blocs are acting to protect or advance their own interests in the global economy.
Transnational Companies (TNCs)
- TNCs are major actors in globalization's structure and influence (e.g., Walmart, Amazon).
- Relocation of production to countries with lower labor costs is common.
- They can contribute to economic growth in some places at the expense of others.
Informal Economic Activitie
- Parallel economic activities (e.g. illegal trade, drug trafficking) can exist in some states and exist as part of globalization.
Political Actors
- States play a key role in globalization by creating (e.g. GATT, WTO) and dismantling (e.g., free-trade agreements) relationships between countries.
- States manage their economies to attract foreign investment.
International Organizations
- International organizations (e.g., WTO, IMF) are involved in establishing and regulating rules for global trade and finance.
Negative Impacts of Globalization
- Globalization can be a source of conflict between states and blocs.
- There is growing concern about the negative social and economic consequences of globalization.
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Description
Test your understanding of globalization and its impact on global inequalities. Explore concepts such as core countries, unequal integration, and the geopolitical framework of globalization. This quiz will challenge your knowledge of the economic and social dynamics at play in a multipolar world.
