Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term used by Castells to describe the global network of criminal activity with an estimated cost of $1 trillion per year?
What is the term used by Castells to describe the global network of criminal activity with an estimated cost of $1 trillion per year?
Global crime economy
What does the term 'globalisation' refer to in the context of crime?
What does the term 'globalisation' refer to in the context of crime?
International integration, the world becoming inter-connected.
According to Castells, what are some examples of activities within the global crime economy? (Select all that apply)
According to Castells, what are some examples of activities within the global crime economy? (Select all that apply)
What does Beck argue is a consequence of globalisation in terms of societal attitudes?
What does Beck argue is a consequence of globalisation in terms of societal attitudes?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Taylor explain the relationship between globalisation, capitalism, and crime?
How does Taylor explain the relationship between globalisation, capitalism, and crime?
Signup and view all the answers
Taylor's theory adequately explains why people commit crimes related to globalisation's impact on inequality.
Taylor's theory adequately explains why people commit crimes related to globalisation's impact on inequality.
Signup and view all the answers
All poor people commit crimes due to the increased inequality resulting from globalisation.
All poor people commit crimes due to the increased inequality resulting from globalisation.
Signup and view all the answers
All businesses and corporations commit crimes to maximize profits in the globalised capitalist environment.
All businesses and corporations commit crimes to maximize profits in the globalised capitalist environment.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of crime is exemplified by the Rwandan genocide, which was triggered by a World Bank deal leading to mass unemployment?
What type of crime is exemplified by the Rwandan genocide, which was triggered by a World Bank deal leading to mass unemployment?
Signup and view all the answers
What term did Hobbs and Dunningham use to describe crimes that are local but have connections to a global market?
What term did Hobbs and Dunningham use to describe crimes that are local but have connections to a global market?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of criminal organizations did Glenny identify, emerging in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of Communism?
What type of criminal organizations did Glenny identify, emerging in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of Communism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of green criminology?
What is the primary focus of green criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
According to traditional criminology, an act is only considered a crime if it violates the law.
According to traditional criminology, an act is only considered a crime if it violates the law.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the categories of green crime, according to the provided information? (Select all that apply)
What are the categories of green crime, according to the provided information? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What are some examples of primary green crime? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of primary green crime? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What are some examples of secondary green crime? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of secondary green crime? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Green criminology is criticized for being too subjective in its definitions of harm.
Green criminology is criticized for being too subjective in its definitions of harm.
Signup and view all the answers
What is Green and Ward's definition of state crime?
What is Green and Ward's definition of state crime?
Signup and view all the answers
According to McLaughlin, what are the four categories of state crime? (Select all that apply)
According to McLaughlin, what are the four categories of state crime? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What was the main cause of the Rwandan genocide?
What was the main cause of the Rwandan genocide?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of a war crime?
What is the definition of a war crime?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Michalowski's term for the study of harms?
What is Michalowski's term for the study of harms?
Signup and view all the answers
How does labelling theory apply to the study of state crime?
How does labelling theory apply to the study of state crime?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of international law regarding state crime?
What is the main source of international law regarding state crime?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Schewendinger's definition of state crime?
What is Schewendinger's definition of state crime?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three features of the crime of obedience, identified by Kelman and Hamilton? (Select all that apply)
What are the three features of the crime of obedience, identified by Kelman and Hamilton? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
According to Bauman, what features of modernity contributed to the Holocaust? (Select all that apply)
According to Bauman, what features of modernity contributed to the Holocaust? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What are the stages in Cohen's 3-stage spiral of denial? (Select all that apply)
What are the stages in Cohen's 3-stage spiral of denial? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What are the techniques of neutralisation, identified by Cohen, based on Matza and Skyes? (Select all that apply)
What are the techniques of neutralisation, identified by Cohen, based on Matza and Skyes? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
How much carbon is added to the atmosphere each year due to the burning of fossil fuels?
How much carbon is added to the atmosphere each year due to the burning of fossil fuels?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of tropical rainforests were felled between 1960 and 1990?
What percentage of tropical rainforests were felled between 1960 and 1990?
Signup and view all the answers
How many species are estimated to become extinct each day?
How many species are estimated to become extinct each day?
Signup and view all the answers
How many people die each year from drinking contaminated water?
How many people die each year from drinking contaminated water?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the name of the Greenpeace ship that was sunk by the French Secret Service in 1985?
What was the name of the Greenpeace ship that was sunk by the French Secret Service in 1985?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of criminal activity is exemplified by the illegal disposal of radioactive waste, often undertaken by organized crime groups?
What type of criminal activity is exemplified by the illegal disposal of radioactive waste, often undertaken by organized crime groups?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Globalisation and Crime
-
Global Crime Economy: This refers to criminal activities with a global reach, estimated to cost $1 trillion annually, according to Castells.
-
Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of the world through international integration.
-
Castells' Examples of Global Crime Economy: Money laundering, arms trafficking, human trafficking (people, body parts, animals), trafficking of cultural artifacts, drug trade, and child trafficking are examples.
-
Beck's Global Risk Consciousness: Globalisation creates new uncertainties and a heightened awareness of risks.
-
Taylor's Perspective on Globalisation, Capitalism, and Crime: Globalisation, by promoting market forces, has widened inequality, leading to a rise in crime.
-
Evaluation of Taylor's Theory: Useful for understanding global crime trends but doesn't fully explain the motivations behind criminal behaviour. Not all poor people commit crime, nor all corporations.
-
Crimes of Globalisation (e.g., World Bank): Examples include the mass unemployment associated with World Bank policies as seen in Rwanda (1,000,000 deaths in 100 days) which may have had a complicity with the genocide.
-
Hobbs and Dunningham's Glocal Crime: Local crimes that tap into global markets are emphasized, such as the drug trade. De-industrialization led to a lifestyle economy.
-
Glenny's McMafia: Organisations that emerged post-Communism in Russia and Eastern Europe that exploit global markets.
-
Green Criminology: Focuses on environmental harm, arguing that many acts that damage the environment are harmful even if not technically illegal (e.g. carbon emission from burning fossil fuels).
-
Traditional Criminology & Green Crime: Believes environmental harm is only criminal if it violates existing laws.
-
Primary Green Crime: Environmental damage caused by direct actions, such as deforestation, pollution (air, water), poaching, and oil spills.
-
Secondary Green Crime: Crimes stemming from failing to regulate environmental issues, including state-sponsored violence against protestors, hazardous waste disposal, and organised crime.
-
Evaluation of Green Criminology: Recognizes environmental issues but faces challenges in definition and measurement of harm and subjectivity/lack of objective measure.
-
Green and Ward's State Crime: Describes illegal or deviant activities by state agents or with their involvement.
-
McLaughlin's Categories of State Crime: Political, security/police, economic, and social/cultural crimes.
-
Rwanda Genocide: A clear example of state crime resulting from political tensions and hate speech turning into mass murder.
-
War Crimes: Illegal acts or violence in war and its aftermath, punishable under international law, committed by individuals, organizations, and states.
-
Michalowski's Zemiology: Focuses on the harm caused by acts, not just their legality, drawing parallels between legal and illegal harms regarding state-sponsored acts such as crime, genocide, and war.
-
Labelling Theory and State Crime: Whether an act is criminal depends on how society reacts; this theory recognizes that state crimes are socially constructed
-
International Law and State Crime: Treaties (like Geneva and Hague conventions) establish international legal frameworks for war crimes.
-
Schewendinger's Emphasis on Human Rights: Defines state crime as violations of basic human rights by states.
-
Kelman and Hamilton's Features of Crimes of Obedience: Authorisation, routinization, and dehumanization are facilitating factors.
-
Bauman's Features of Modernity and the Holocaust: Discusses aspects of modern societies that made the Holocaust possible, including division of labor, bureaucracy, and instrumental rationality.
-
Cohen's Spiral of Denial: A three-stage process where denial of events occurs and becomes justifications for the acts.
-
Cohen's Techniques of Neutralization (based on Matza and Sykes): Methods by which perpetrators may rationalize or justify criminal actions (denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties).
-
Air Pollution: An example of primary green crime with the burning of fossil fuels adding to atmospheric carbon and climate change.
-
Deforestation: A primary green crime with the felling of tropical rainforests for beef production.
-
Animal Abuse and Extinction: Primary green crime that threatens animal species and creates abuse and trafficking of animals.
-
Water Pollution: A primary green crime with contaminated water leading to millions of deaths and damaging marine life.
-
State Violence and Opposition Groups: Secondary green crime illustrated by states condemning terrorism while themselves engaging in harmful actions, like the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior.
-
Hazardous Waste and Organized Crime: Secondary green crime, involving dumping/illegal disposal of toxic waste, sometimes with organized crime involvement. (e.g., eco-mafias).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores the relationship between globalisation and crime, highlighting major concepts such as the global crime economy and the perspectives of theorists like Castells and Taylor. You'll examine key examples of criminal activities that have a worldwide impact, as well as the implications of global risks associated with these trends.
