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Questions and Answers
What is the term used by Castells to describe the global network of criminal activity with an estimated cost of $1 trillion per year?
What is the term used by Castells to describe the global network of criminal activity with an estimated cost of $1 trillion per year?
Global crime economy
What does the term 'globalisation' refer to in the context of crime?
What does the term 'globalisation' refer to in the context of crime?
International integration, the world becoming inter-connected.
According to Castells, what are some examples of activities within the global crime economy? (Select all that apply)
According to Castells, what are some examples of activities within the global crime economy? (Select all that apply)
- Cultural artefact trafficking (correct)
- Trafficking of people (correct)
- Money laundering (correct)
- Animal trafficking (correct)
- Drug trade (correct)
- Trafficking of women and children (correct)
- Arms trafficking (correct)
- Body part trafficking (correct)
What does Beck argue is a consequence of globalisation in terms of societal attitudes?
What does Beck argue is a consequence of globalisation in terms of societal attitudes?
How does Taylor explain the relationship between globalisation, capitalism, and crime?
How does Taylor explain the relationship between globalisation, capitalism, and crime?
Taylor's theory adequately explains why people commit crimes related to globalisation's impact on inequality.
Taylor's theory adequately explains why people commit crimes related to globalisation's impact on inequality.
All poor people commit crimes due to the increased inequality resulting from globalisation.
All poor people commit crimes due to the increased inequality resulting from globalisation.
All businesses and corporations commit crimes to maximize profits in the globalised capitalist environment.
All businesses and corporations commit crimes to maximize profits in the globalised capitalist environment.
What type of crime is exemplified by the Rwandan genocide, which was triggered by a World Bank deal leading to mass unemployment?
What type of crime is exemplified by the Rwandan genocide, which was triggered by a World Bank deal leading to mass unemployment?
What term did Hobbs and Dunningham use to describe crimes that are local but have connections to a global market?
What term did Hobbs and Dunningham use to describe crimes that are local but have connections to a global market?
What type of criminal organizations did Glenny identify, emerging in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of Communism?
What type of criminal organizations did Glenny identify, emerging in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of Communism?
What is the primary focus of green criminology?
What is the primary focus of green criminology?
According to traditional criminology, an act is only considered a crime if it violates the law.
According to traditional criminology, an act is only considered a crime if it violates the law.
What are the categories of green crime, according to the provided information? (Select all that apply)
What are the categories of green crime, according to the provided information? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of primary green crime? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of primary green crime? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of secondary green crime? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of secondary green crime? (Select all that apply)
Green criminology is criticized for being too subjective in its definitions of harm.
Green criminology is criticized for being too subjective in its definitions of harm.
What is Green and Ward's definition of state crime?
What is Green and Ward's definition of state crime?
According to McLaughlin, what are the four categories of state crime? (Select all that apply)
According to McLaughlin, what are the four categories of state crime? (Select all that apply)
What was the main cause of the Rwandan genocide?
What was the main cause of the Rwandan genocide?
What is the definition of a war crime?
What is the definition of a war crime?
What is Michalowski's term for the study of harms?
What is Michalowski's term for the study of harms?
How does labelling theory apply to the study of state crime?
How does labelling theory apply to the study of state crime?
What is the main source of international law regarding state crime?
What is the main source of international law regarding state crime?
What is Schewendinger's definition of state crime?
What is Schewendinger's definition of state crime?
What are the three features of the crime of obedience, identified by Kelman and Hamilton? (Select all that apply)
What are the three features of the crime of obedience, identified by Kelman and Hamilton? (Select all that apply)
According to Bauman, what features of modernity contributed to the Holocaust? (Select all that apply)
According to Bauman, what features of modernity contributed to the Holocaust? (Select all that apply)
What are the stages in Cohen's 3-stage spiral of denial? (Select all that apply)
What are the stages in Cohen's 3-stage spiral of denial? (Select all that apply)
What are the techniques of neutralisation, identified by Cohen, based on Matza and Skyes? (Select all that apply)
What are the techniques of neutralisation, identified by Cohen, based on Matza and Skyes? (Select all that apply)
How much carbon is added to the atmosphere each year due to the burning of fossil fuels?
How much carbon is added to the atmosphere each year due to the burning of fossil fuels?
What percentage of tropical rainforests were felled between 1960 and 1990?
What percentage of tropical rainforests were felled between 1960 and 1990?
How many species are estimated to become extinct each day?
How many species are estimated to become extinct each day?
How many people die each year from drinking contaminated water?
How many people die each year from drinking contaminated water?
What was the name of the Greenpeace ship that was sunk by the French Secret Service in 1985?
What was the name of the Greenpeace ship that was sunk by the French Secret Service in 1985?
What type of criminal activity is exemplified by the illegal disposal of radioactive waste, often undertaken by organized crime groups?
What type of criminal activity is exemplified by the illegal disposal of radioactive waste, often undertaken by organized crime groups?
Flashcards
Global crime economy
Global crime economy
According to Castells, global crime costs $1 trillion per year. It includes various illegal activities like money laundering, arms trafficking, trafficking of people, body parts, animals, cultural artifacts, women and children, and the drug trade.
Globalisation
Globalisation
The process of international integration, where the world becomes increasingly connected, driven by factors like trade, communication, and technology.
Castells - Examples of global crime economy
Castells - Examples of global crime economy
Castells identifies examples of the global crime economy, including money laundering, arms trafficking, trafficking of people, body parts, animals, cultural artifacts, women and children, and the drug trade. He claims it costs $1 trillion per year.
Beck - Global risk consciousness
Beck - Global risk consciousness
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Taylor - Globalisation, capitalism and crime
Taylor - Globalisation, capitalism and crime
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Evaluation of Taylor (Globalisation, Capitalism and Crime)
Evaluation of Taylor (Globalisation, Capitalism and Crime)
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Crimes of globalisation (e.g. World Bank)
Crimes of globalisation (e.g. World Bank)
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Hobbs and Dunningham - Glocal crime
Hobbs and Dunningham - Glocal crime
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Glenny - McMafia
Glenny - McMafia
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Green criminology
Green criminology
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Traditional criminology and green crime
Traditional criminology and green crime
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Primary green crime
Primary green crime
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Secondary green crime
Secondary green crime
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Evaluation of green crime
Evaluation of green crime
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Green and Ward - State Crime
Green and Ward - State Crime
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McLaughlin - 4 categories of state crime
McLaughlin - 4 categories of state crime
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Genocide in Rwanda
Genocide in Rwanda
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War crime
War crime
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Michalowski - Zemiology
Michalowski - Zemiology
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Labelling theory and state crime
Labelling theory and state crime
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International law of state crime
International law of state crime
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Schewendinger - Human Rights
Schewendinger - Human Rights
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Kelman and Hamilton - 3 features of crime of obediance
Kelman and Hamilton - 3 features of crime of obediance
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Bauman - Features of modernity and the Holocaust
Bauman - Features of modernity and the Holocaust
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Cohen - 3-stage spiral of denial
Cohen - 3-stage spiral of denial
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Cohen - techniques of neutralisation (based on Matza and Skyes)
Cohen - techniques of neutralisation (based on Matza and Skyes)
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Air pollution
Air pollution
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Deforestation
Deforestation
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Animal abuse and extinction
Animal abuse and extinction
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Water pollution
Water pollution
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State violence and Opposition groups
State violence and Opposition groups
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Hazadous waste and organised crime
Hazadous waste and organised crime
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Study Notes
Globalisation and Crime
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Global Crime Economy: This refers to criminal activities with a global reach, estimated to cost $1 trillion annually, according to Castells.
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Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of the world through international integration.
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Castells' Examples of Global Crime Economy: Money laundering, arms trafficking, human trafficking (people, body parts, animals), trafficking of cultural artifacts, drug trade, and child trafficking are examples.
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Beck's Global Risk Consciousness: Globalisation creates new uncertainties and a heightened awareness of risks.
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Taylor's Perspective on Globalisation, Capitalism, and Crime: Globalisation, by promoting market forces, has widened inequality, leading to a rise in crime.
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Evaluation of Taylor's Theory: Useful for understanding global crime trends but doesn't fully explain the motivations behind criminal behaviour. Not all poor people commit crime, nor all corporations.
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Crimes of Globalisation (e.g., World Bank): Examples include the mass unemployment associated with World Bank policies as seen in Rwanda (1,000,000 deaths in 100 days) which may have had a complicity with the genocide.
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Hobbs and Dunningham's Glocal Crime: Local crimes that tap into global markets are emphasized, such as the drug trade. De-industrialization led to a lifestyle economy.
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Glenny's McMafia: Organisations that emerged post-Communism in Russia and Eastern Europe that exploit global markets.
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Green Criminology: Focuses on environmental harm, arguing that many acts that damage the environment are harmful even if not technically illegal (e.g. carbon emission from burning fossil fuels).
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Traditional Criminology & Green Crime: Believes environmental harm is only criminal if it violates existing laws.
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Primary Green Crime: Environmental damage caused by direct actions, such as deforestation, pollution (air, water), poaching, and oil spills.
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Secondary Green Crime: Crimes stemming from failing to regulate environmental issues, including state-sponsored violence against protestors, hazardous waste disposal, and organised crime.
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Evaluation of Green Criminology: Recognizes environmental issues but faces challenges in definition and measurement of harm and subjectivity/lack of objective measure.
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Green and Ward's State Crime: Describes illegal or deviant activities by state agents or with their involvement.
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McLaughlin's Categories of State Crime: Political, security/police, economic, and social/cultural crimes.
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Rwanda Genocide: A clear example of state crime resulting from political tensions and hate speech turning into mass murder.
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War Crimes: Illegal acts or violence in war and its aftermath, punishable under international law, committed by individuals, organizations, and states.
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Michalowski's Zemiology: Focuses on the harm caused by acts, not just their legality, drawing parallels between legal and illegal harms regarding state-sponsored acts such as crime, genocide, and war.
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Labelling Theory and State Crime: Whether an act is criminal depends on how society reacts; this theory recognizes that state crimes are socially constructed
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International Law and State Crime: Treaties (like Geneva and Hague conventions) establish international legal frameworks for war crimes.
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Schewendinger's Emphasis on Human Rights: Defines state crime as violations of basic human rights by states.
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Kelman and Hamilton's Features of Crimes of Obedience: Authorisation, routinization, and dehumanization are facilitating factors.
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Bauman's Features of Modernity and the Holocaust: Discusses aspects of modern societies that made the Holocaust possible, including division of labor, bureaucracy, and instrumental rationality.
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Cohen's Spiral of Denial: A three-stage process where denial of events occurs and becomes justifications for the acts.
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Cohen's Techniques of Neutralization (based on Matza and Sykes): Methods by which perpetrators may rationalize or justify criminal actions (denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties).
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Air Pollution: An example of primary green crime with the burning of fossil fuels adding to atmospheric carbon and climate change.
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Deforestation: A primary green crime with the felling of tropical rainforests for beef production.
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Animal Abuse and Extinction: Primary green crime that threatens animal species and creates abuse and trafficking of animals.
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Water Pollution: A primary green crime with contaminated water leading to millions of deaths and damaging marine life.
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State Violence and Opposition Groups: Secondary green crime illustrated by states condemning terrorism while themselves engaging in harmful actions, like the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior.
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Hazardous Waste and Organized Crime: Secondary green crime, involving dumping/illegal disposal of toxic waste, sometimes with organized crime involvement. (e.g., eco-mafias).
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