Globalisation and Crime Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the term used by Castells to describe the global network of criminal activity with an estimated cost of $1 trillion per year?

Global crime economy

What does the term 'globalisation' refer to in the context of crime?

International integration, the world becoming inter-connected.

According to Castells, what are some examples of activities within the global crime economy? (Select all that apply)

  • Cultural artefact trafficking (correct)
  • Trafficking of people (correct)
  • Money laundering (correct)
  • Animal trafficking (correct)
  • Drug trade (correct)
  • Trafficking of women and children (correct)
  • Arms trafficking (correct)
  • Body part trafficking (correct)

What does Beck argue is a consequence of globalisation in terms of societal attitudes?

<p>Global risk consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Taylor explain the relationship between globalisation, capitalism, and crime?

<p>Globalisation has lead to changes in the pattern and extent of crime by giving free reign to market forces, creating greater inequality and rising crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Taylor's theory adequately explains why people commit crimes related to globalisation's impact on inequality.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All poor people commit crimes due to the increased inequality resulting from globalisation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All businesses and corporations commit crimes to maximize profits in the globalised capitalist environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of crime is exemplified by the Rwandan genocide, which was triggered by a World Bank deal leading to mass unemployment?

<p>Crimes of globalisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Hobbs and Dunningham use to describe crimes that are local but have connections to a global market?

<p>Glocal crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of criminal organizations did Glenny identify, emerging in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of Communism?

<p>McMafia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of green criminology?

<p>Harms done to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to traditional criminology, an act is only considered a crime if it violates the law.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the categories of green crime, according to the provided information? (Select all that apply)

<p>Primary green crime (C), Secondary green crime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of primary green crime? (Select all that apply)

<p>Deforestation (A), Air pollution (B), Oil spillage (C), Water pollution (D), Poaching (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of secondary green crime? (Select all that apply)

<p>Hazardous waste and organised crime (A), State violence against oppositional groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Green criminology is criticized for being too subjective in its definitions of harm.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Green and Ward's definition of state crime?

<p>'illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies'</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to McLaughlin, what are the four categories of state crime? (Select all that apply)

<p>Crimes by security and police forces (A), Economic crimes (B), Social and cultural crime (D), Political crimes (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main cause of the Rwandan genocide?

<p>A civil war between the Tutsi and Hutu tribes, fueled by the Hutu government's hate propaganda against the Tutsi population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a war crime?

<p>Illegal wars, crimes committed during wars or its aftermath. Can be committed by individuals, groups and the state. Punishable offences under international law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Michalowski's term for the study of harms?

<p>Zemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does labelling theory apply to the study of state crime?

<p>It argues that whether an act constitutes a crime depends on the societal reaction. This theory recognizes that state crimes are socially constructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of international law regarding state crime?

<p>Treaties and agreements between states, such as the Geneva and Hague conventions on war crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Schewendinger's definition of state crime?

<p>&quot;We should define state crime as the violation of people's basic human rights by the state or its agents&quot;.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three features of the crime of obedience, identified by Kelman and Hamilton? (Select all that apply)

<p>Routinisation (B), Dehumanisation (C), Authorisation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bauman, what features of modernity contributed to the Holocaust? (Select all that apply)

<p>Science and technology (A), Instrumental rationality (B), Bureaucratisation (C), Division of labour (D), Efficiency (E), Dehumanisation (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages in Cohen's 3-stage spiral of denial? (Select all that apply)

<p>Even if it happened, it was justified (A), It didn't happen (B), If it happened, it's something else (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the techniques of neutralisation, identified by Cohen, based on Matza and Skyes? (Select all that apply)

<p>Denial of responsibility (A), Denial of injury (B), Denial of victim (C), Condemning the condemners (D), Appeal to higher loyalties (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much carbon is added to the atmosphere each year due to the burning of fossil fuels?

<p>6 billion tons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of tropical rainforests were felled between 1960 and 1990?

<p>1/5</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many species are estimated to become extinct each day?

<p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people die each year from drinking contaminated water?

<p>25 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the Greenpeace ship that was sunk by the French Secret Service in 1985?

<p>Rainbow Warrior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of criminal activity is exemplified by the illegal disposal of radioactive waste, often undertaken by organized crime groups?

<p>Hazardous waste and organised crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Global crime economy

According to Castells, global crime costs $1 trillion per year. It includes various illegal activities like money laundering, arms trafficking, trafficking of people, body parts, animals, cultural artifacts, women and children, and the drug trade.

Globalisation

The process of international integration, where the world becomes increasingly connected, driven by factors like trade, communication, and technology.

Castells - Examples of global crime economy

Castells identifies examples of the global crime economy, including money laundering, arms trafficking, trafficking of people, body parts, animals, cultural artifacts, women and children, and the drug trade. He claims it costs $1 trillion per year.

Beck - Global risk consciousness

Globalisation creates new insecurities and produces a new mentality of risk consciousness.

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Taylor - Globalisation, capitalism and crime

Taylor argues that globalization has led to changes in the pattern and extent of crime due to increased inequality and the unrestrained pursuit of market forces.

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Evaluation of Taylor (Globalisation, Capitalism and Crime)

While valuable for linking global economic trends to crime patterns, Taylor's theory doesn't adequately explain WHY individuals engage in criminal behaviors. It doesn't account for individual choices and motivations.

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Crimes of globalisation (e.g. World Bank)

A World Bank deal leading to widespread unemployment in Rwanda triggered a genocide, resulting in the deaths of over 1 million people within 100 days.

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Hobbs and Dunningham - Glocal crime

Hobbs and Dunningham describe 'glocal' crime – local crimes with global connections, where local activities tap into international markets. For example, the drug trade.

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Glenny - McMafia

Organizations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, often involved in illegal activities and transnational organized crime networks. Glenny coined the term 'McMafia' to describe these criminal organizations, highlighting their similarities to multinational corporations.

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Green criminology

A radical approach to criminology that focuses on harms caused to the environment rather than just legal infractions. It considers environmental damage and harm to animals as crimes, even if they aren't explicitly defined as illegal.

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Traditional criminology and green crime

Traditional criminology focuses on actions defined by law as criminal, neglecting harm to the environment even if it's not explicitly illegal.

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Primary green crime

Crimes that directly harm the environment, including deforestation, oil spills, poaching, air pollution, and water pollution.

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Secondary green crime

Crimes that result from the violation of rules designed to protect the environment, like the illegal dumping of hazardous waste or state violence against environmental activists.

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Evaluation of green crime

Green criminology acknowledges the significance of environmental issues and the need to address the harms caused. By concentrating on harms (zemiology) rather than legal violations, it investigates crimes that traditional criminology often overlooks. However, it faces challenges in defining and measuring 'harm' due to its subjective nature. Additionally, the lack of universal definition for 'harm' makes objective analysis difficult.

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Green and Ward - State Crime

Green and Ward define state crime as 'illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies.' It's a broad definition that includes crimes committed by government officials or with their knowledge and support.

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McLaughlin - 4 categories of state crime

McLaughlin categorizes state crimes into four types: political crimes, crimes by security and police forces, economic crimes, and social and cultural crimes. Each category reflects different forms of state wrongdoing.

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Genocide in Rwanda

In 1994, during the Rwandan civil war, the Hutu government launched a campaign of genocide against Tutsis, using hate propaganda and mass killings. This exemplifies state-sanctioned violence and a systematic breakdown of law and order.

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War crime

Illegal wars, and crimes committed during wars or their aftermath. Individuals, groups, and states can commit war crimes, which are punishable under international law.

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Michalowski - Zemiology

Michalowski advocates for zemiology, the study of harms, arguing that state crime includes not only illegal acts but also 'legally permissible acts whose consequences are similar to those illegal acts in they harm they cause.' This expands the scope of state crime to include policies that have harmful consequences even if they're not explicitly criminal.

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Labelling theory and state crime

Labelling theory suggests that whether an act is considered a crime depends on society's reaction to it. It recognizes that state crimes are socially constructed, and definitions of crime can be influenced by power and authority.

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International law of state crime

International law governing state crime is established through treaties and agreements between states, like the Geneva and Hague Conventions on war crimes. These agreements set standards for acceptable behavior in international relations, and violations can be considered crimes against humanity.

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Schewendinger - Human Rights

Schewendinger proposes defining state crime as the violation of people's basic human rights by the state or its agents. This definition focuses on crimes that deny individuals their fundamental freedoms and rights, including those based on race, gender, or economic status.

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Kelman and Hamilton - 3 features of crime of obediance

Kelman and Hamilton identified three features of crime of obedience: authorization, routinization, and dehumanization. Authorization occurs when acts are approved by those in authority. Routinization involves committing crimes as part of a routine, creating a detached mindset. Dehumanization involves portraying victims as subhuman, justifying harmful actions.

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Bauman - Features of modernity and the Holocaust

Bauman argues that modern features like the division of labor, bureaucracy, instrumental rationality, and scientific advancements contributed to the Holocaust. These factors enabled the efficient dehumanization of Jews, the systematic organization of the genocide, and the detachment of individuals from their actions.

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Cohen - 3-stage spiral of denial

Cohen outlines a three-stage spiral of denial used by states accused of committing atrocities: Initially it's denied, if evidence emerges, it's reinterpreted as something else, and if it's undeniable, it's justified.

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Cohen - techniques of neutralisation (based on Matza and Skyes)

Drawing on Matza and Sykes, Cohen identifies techniques of neutralization used by perpetrators to justify their actions: denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemning the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.

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Air pollution

The burning of fossil fuels releases 6 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere annually, contributing to global warming and climate change.

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Deforestation

Between 1960 and 1990, one-fifth of tropical rainforests were felled, primarily in the Amazon, to clear land for beef cattle ranching for export. This not only affects the environment but also involves various actors, including governments, logging companies, fast food corporations, and consumers.

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Animal abuse and extinction

Approximately 50 species go extinct daily, driven by trafficking in animals and animal parts, habitat destruction, and animal abuse. This highlights the impact of human activities on biodiversity.

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Water pollution

Contaminated water is responsible for the deaths of 25 million people annually. Marine pollution, particularly plastic waste, threatens coral reefs and marine ecosystems.

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State violence and Opposition groups

While condemning terrorism, states often engage in similar actions, often targeting opposition groups. For example, in 1985, the French Secret Service sank the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior, which was campaigning against nuclear testing.

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Hazadous waste and organised crime

Safe and legal disposal of toxic waste from chemical and nuclear industries is expensive. Criminal organizations often handle it illegally, as seen in the case of 'eco-mafias' in Italy. In the 1950s, thousands of barrels of radioactive waste were dumped into the English Channel, highlighting the scale of this problem.

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Study Notes

Globalisation and Crime

  • Global Crime Economy: This refers to criminal activities with a global reach, estimated to cost $1 trillion annually, according to Castells.

  • Globalisation: The increasing interconnectedness of the world through international integration.

  • Castells' Examples of Global Crime Economy: Money laundering, arms trafficking, human trafficking (people, body parts, animals), trafficking of cultural artifacts, drug trade, and child trafficking are examples.

  • Beck's Global Risk Consciousness: Globalisation creates new uncertainties and a heightened awareness of risks.

  • Taylor's Perspective on Globalisation, Capitalism, and Crime: Globalisation, by promoting market forces, has widened inequality, leading to a rise in crime.

  • Evaluation of Taylor's Theory: Useful for understanding global crime trends but doesn't fully explain the motivations behind criminal behaviour. Not all poor people commit crime, nor all corporations.

  • Crimes of Globalisation (e.g., World Bank): Examples include the mass unemployment associated with World Bank policies as seen in Rwanda (1,000,000 deaths in 100 days) which may have had a complicity with the genocide.

  • Hobbs and Dunningham's Glocal Crime: Local crimes that tap into global markets are emphasized, such as the drug trade. De-industrialization led to a lifestyle economy.

  • Glenny's McMafia: Organisations that emerged post-Communism in Russia and Eastern Europe that exploit global markets.

  • Green Criminology: Focuses on environmental harm, arguing that many acts that damage the environment are harmful even if not technically illegal (e.g. carbon emission from burning fossil fuels).

  • Traditional Criminology & Green Crime: Believes environmental harm is only criminal if it violates existing laws.

  • Primary Green Crime: Environmental damage caused by direct actions, such as deforestation, pollution (air, water), poaching, and oil spills.

  • Secondary Green Crime: Crimes stemming from failing to regulate environmental issues, including state-sponsored violence against protestors, hazardous waste disposal, and organised crime.

  • Evaluation of Green Criminology: Recognizes environmental issues but faces challenges in definition and measurement of harm and subjectivity/lack of objective measure.

  • Green and Ward's State Crime: Describes illegal or deviant activities by state agents or with their involvement.

  • McLaughlin's Categories of State Crime: Political, security/police, economic, and social/cultural crimes.

  • Rwanda Genocide: A clear example of state crime resulting from political tensions and hate speech turning into mass murder.

  • War Crimes: Illegal acts or violence in war and its aftermath, punishable under international law, committed by individuals, organizations, and states.

  • Michalowski's Zemiology: Focuses on the harm caused by acts, not just their legality, drawing parallels between legal and illegal harms regarding state-sponsored acts such as crime, genocide, and war.

  • Labelling Theory and State Crime: Whether an act is criminal depends on how society reacts; this theory recognizes that state crimes are socially constructed

  • International Law and State Crime: Treaties (like Geneva and Hague conventions) establish international legal frameworks for war crimes.

  • Schewendinger's Emphasis on Human Rights: Defines state crime as violations of basic human rights by states.

  • Kelman and Hamilton's Features of Crimes of Obedience: Authorisation, routinization, and dehumanization are facilitating factors.

  • Bauman's Features of Modernity and the Holocaust: Discusses aspects of modern societies that made the Holocaust possible, including division of labor, bureaucracy, and instrumental rationality.

  • Cohen's Spiral of Denial: A three-stage process where denial of events occurs and becomes justifications for the acts.

  • Cohen's Techniques of Neutralization (based on Matza and Sykes): Methods by which perpetrators may rationalize or justify criminal actions (denial of victim, denial of injury, denial of responsibility, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties).

  • Air Pollution: An example of primary green crime with the burning of fossil fuels adding to atmospheric carbon and climate change.

  • Deforestation: A primary green crime with the felling of tropical rainforests for beef production.

  • Animal Abuse and Extinction: Primary green crime that threatens animal species and creates abuse and trafficking of animals.

  • Water Pollution: A primary green crime with contaminated water leading to millions of deaths and damaging marine life.

  • State Violence and Opposition Groups: Secondary green crime illustrated by states condemning terrorism while themselves engaging in harmful actions, like the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior.

  • Hazardous Waste and Organized Crime: Secondary green crime, involving dumping/illegal disposal of toxic waste, sometimes with organized crime involvement. (e.g., eco-mafias).

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