Slideshow 3- Based on slides/notes

The idea that independent states have the right to govern themselves without outside interference.

The principle that one country should not interfere in the internal affairs of another.

The principle that the international community has a responsibility to intervene in cases of genocide or other serious human rights violations.

The rise of powerful nation-states in the modern era.

The process by which a strong country takes control of weaker countries.

The use of machines to produce goods on a large scale.

An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit.

The exchange of goods and services between countries.

A period spanning from the late 18th century until the outbreak of World War I, witnessing significant political, economic, and social changes.

It is defined by the rise of nation-states with defined borders, distinct identities, and a sense of self-rule.

An international system that emerged following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, giving sovereign states the authority to govern themselves.

The era during which Western European powers dominated global politics through colonialism and imperial expansion.

The belief that European powers were superior and had the right to control non-European territories and people.

The act of acquiring control over a region or people, often through military conquest, colonization, and exploitation.

The process by which empires expanded their territories and influence, often through conquest, colonization, and the extraction of resources.

Ideas that promoted the development of nations, national identities, and the idea of a powerful, unified state.

The belief that European powers had the right to claim lands in the Americas and elsewhere because they were 'discovering' them, a view rooted in Eurocentrism.

The concept that land without European inhabitants was considered empty, or 'terra nullius,' justifying colonization and the denial of indigenous rights.

Using scientific theories to justify racial hierarchy and prejudice, often used to rationalize colonization and exploitation.

The dehumanization of colonized people, treating them as less than human, to justify taking their land and resources.

The practice of extracting resources, labor, and wealth from colonized territories, often through forced labor and exploitation.

A significant shift in European economies from 1760 to 1840s, transitioning from agriculture-based society to an industrialized one driven by factory production and new inventions like the steam engine and spinning frame. This brought about drastic societal changes.

A period of rapid growth in the textile industry, fuelled by factory systems, new inventions, and increased demand for cloth.

A second wave of industrial advancements that started in the mid-19th century, marked by the development of new transport and communication technologies. It included the invention of the telegraph and the rise of the railway network

A key invention of the Second Industrial Revolution, the telegraph enabled instantaneous communication over long distances, revolutionizing trade, news dissemination, and political decision making.

The economic principle that individuals should have the freedom to pursue their own interests and happiness.

An ideology that emphasizes the right to civil disobedience and the pursuit of happiness. This philosophy was often used as a justification for revolutions and political reforms.

The ability to control one's own destiny and make choices about their life.

The ability to make independent decisions and take action to advocate for oneself. This is considered a natural right and an essential aspect of individual freedom.

The idea that a nation's culture should be protected and allowed to flourish without interference from outside forces.

The belief that a nation's cultural heritage is essential for its growth and identity.

The idea that a nation's culture needs a strong political structure to ensure its protection and preservation.

The process of transforming nationalistic ideas into a widespread movement by appealing to the masses.

The role of intellectuals, poets, and writers in promoting national consciousness and awakening the people to their cultural identity.

The use of folk culture (traditions, songs, stories) to represent and strengthen a nation's character.

The role of schools in shaping national identity and disseminating cultural values to future generations.

The preservation and propagation of a nation's cultural heritage through education and government policies.

The idea that the people are the source of legitimate political power.

The transformation of subjects into citizens, each with equal rights and the ability to participate in government.

The belief that people who share a culture have a right to their own independent state and self-governance.

Declaration of Independence (1776): It asserts that people have "unalienable Rights," including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789): A French document emphasizing equality of citizens, freedom, and popular sovereignty.

The practice of a nation-state interfering in the internal affairs of another nation.

The assertion that individuals and nations should be equal in the eyes of the law.

The rights that are inherent to all human beings and cannot be taken away by any government.