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Questions and Answers

Why is the 19th century often referred to as the 'long 19th century'?

  • Because it witnessed the longest period of peace in European history.
  • Due to the expansion of global trade and economic growth.
  • It marked the peak of European colonial expansion.
  • Because it is considered to have ended with the outbreak of World War I. (correct)
  • What is regarded as one of the most significant movements of modern times, according to the provided context?

  • The Industrial Revolution
  • The rise of democracy
  • Nationalism (correct)
  • Colonialism
  • Where do most scholars trace the beginnings of the first international world order?

  • The end of the Cold War.
  • The expansion of Asian empires in the medieval times
  • The rise of colonialism and European expansion (correct)
  • The rise of the Roman Empire
  • The age of discovery is tied with what central concept?

    <p>The rise of Western Powers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major effect did the Thirty Years War have on the world order?

    <p>It facilitated the establishment of the idea of sovereign independent states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the prevailing attitude of European powers toward the rest of the world during the early stages of the international order?

    <p>A view of the world as territory for exploitation and dominion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two principles are discussed that became established during the inter-state political order?

    <p>Sovereignty and non-intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical period is most associated with the Eurocentric international order?

    <p>The Age of Discovery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Declaration of Independence, which of the following rights are considered unalienable?

    <p>Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is central to the idea of popular sovereignty as discussed in the text?

    <p>The ultimate power residing in the people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the French Revolution's Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen view the legal status of citizens?

    <p>All citizens were considered equal and free under the law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental shift in political identity that occurred as subjects transformed into citizens?

    <p>From holding a lower status to equal participation through rights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key technological innovation that characterized the first Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The steam engine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text implies that the concept of nationalism is closely related to which idea?

    <p>The right of people with a shared culture to have an independent state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects how the principles from the Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution were used globally?

    <p>They served as arguments against oppression by various nations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major societal shift that accompanied the rise of the factory system during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>A significant migration from rural areas to rapidly growing cities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text say about monarchical power?

    <p>Monarchs derive legitimacy from the people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sector of the economy is noted as experiencing a 'boom' in the first Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Textile/cloth production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key difference between the first and second Industrial Revolutions?

    <p>The second Industrial Revolution broadened from factories to include transport and communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a 'citizen'?

    <p>Citizens have equal rights to participate, and are not subordinate to the state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new form of transportation emerged as a key development in the second Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Railways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What invention significantly improved communication during the second industrial revolution?

    <p>The telegraph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a key democratic principle arising from the 17th century onwards?

    <p>Right to civil disobedience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to classical liberal thought, what should individuals strive for?

    <p>Pursuit of self-determination and a fulfilling life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT identified as a key characteristic shared by nation-states?

    <p>A codified legal system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these historical periods is primarily associated with the rise of industrialization as a factor in the formation of nation states?

    <p>The 18th century onwards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of 'terra nullius' primarily used to justify?

    <p>The occupation of a territory by asserting it is uninhibited (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves the justification of colonization by claiming the land was previously unknown?

    <p>Discovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the idea of 'scientific racism' play in the context of colonial expansion?

    <p>To offer intellectual justification for discriminatory practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides Spain and Portugal, what other powers are mentioned to have contributed to dividing the globe through imperial expansion?

    <p>The content does not specify other powers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical event most directly spurred the initial development of international laws and principles among European powers?

    <p>A series of violent and brutal military conflicts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of dehumanizing the colonized populations?

    <p>To justify exploitative practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two principles are mentioned as a cornerstone of contemporary politics and state relations?

    <p>Sovereignty and non-intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is MOST directly linked to the economic aspects of resource extraction and exploitation in imperial expansion?

    <p>Industrialization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the principle of 'sovereignty' as it is mentioned in the text?

    <p>Every independent state’s right to control its own politics, destiny, laws, populations and protect its borders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of 'non-intervention' stipulate according to the text?

    <p>That no foreign power should interfere or meddle in another state's affairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an accurate pairing of concept and action?

    <p>Responsibility to protect: intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was established by the UN that allows for the possibility of intervention by foreign governments under specific circumstances?

    <p>The principle of a responsibility to protect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does the text primarily describe as an outcome of the historical period of imperialism and industrialization?

    <p>The establishment of the modern nation-state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of the 'modern nation state'?

    <p>Its universal acceptance as a model globally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered essential for a nation's growth and flourishing?

    <p>Its unique national culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as the primary role of a 'political roof' (state) in the context of national culture?

    <p>To provide an environment for the nation's culture to flourish. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what is a critical factor for the success of nationalistic movements?

    <p>The ability to mobilize the masses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do national elites such as intellectuals and writers play in the formation of nationalism?

    <p>They act as 'discoverers' of national culture and drive nationalist movements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of nationalism, what is considered a 'reservoir' of national traits?

    <p>The folk culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do nationalists often believe in full independent statehood?

    <p>To have government power favorable to the culture they want to protect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the role of schools in preserving and promoting national culture?

    <p>Schools are places where a certain vision of nation is propagated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the ideas of the French Revolution make untenable?

    <p>Social orders based on birthright or divine right. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Global politics have roots in the emergence of the Westphalian inter-state order
    • The "long 19th century" ended with World War I and involved the rise of nationalism
    • Current international relations (IR) issues are significant

    First "Global" World Order

    • First international order emerged around the late 15th century, gaining momentum in the 17th and 18th centuries
    • The order was deeply Eurocentric, characterized by exploration, colonization, and racism
    • The term "Rise of the West" highlights western dominance

    First "Global" World Order (Continued)

    • An idea of a "global" world order emerged after the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
    • Principles such as sovereignty and non-intervention arose
    • There was a concept of an international society and shared rules (international law)
    • Hugo Grotius's The Law of War and Peace is a cornerstone text

    Imperialism

    • Colonial powers rose and extracted resources, utilizing the concept of "discovery"
    • The idea that colonized land is "no man's land" was used to justify colonization
    • Racism, with attempts at "scientific justifications" influenced the expansion of power
    • Three factors contributed to the rise of the modern nation state: Imperial expansion, Industrialisation, and social and political ideas (like nationalism)

    Industrial Revolution

    • A major shift from agriculture to industry in Europe (1760-1840s)
    • New inventions like the steam engine and the multi-spindle spinning frame were impactful
    • The textile industry boomed, leading to a factory system
    • This led to wholesale societal and economic transformation

    Second Industrial Revolution

    • From the mid-19th Century, railways and the telegraph became important components
    • New energy sources (oil and electricity) were critical
    • Global trade experienced substantial growth (10% per year)

    New Ideas

    • Enlightenment and rationality emphasized reason over tradition
    • Ideas of individual rights and freedom, including civil disobedience, emerged (John Locke, Adam Smith)
    • These ideas are crucial to understanding the transition to modern political structures

    Political Revolutions

    • The American and French Revolutions were key events
    • Concepts like natural rights, popular sovereignty, and the right to self-determination arose
    • Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen were influential
    • Revolutionaries aimed for individual rights and national self-determination

    Consequences of Revolutions

    • The concept of "great powers" emerged after Napoleon's defeat
    • Empires lost legitimacy as nations sought self-determination
    • Nationalism was one of the most important consequences of these revolutions.

    The Springtime of Nations (1848-1849).

    • A period of revolutionary upheaval in Europe
    • Revolutions were often suppressed, but ideas on nationalism, self-determination, liberty, and the right to resist oppressive government were established
    • The idea of the nation as a legitimate entity took hold, and nationalism became a significant feature in European politics

    The End of the Old World Order (1914-1918)

    • The Austro-Hungarian and German empires collapsed
    • The Russian Empire was overthrown by the Bolsheviks
    • The Ottoman Empire was replaced with a secular republic
    • Independent nation-states emerged in Europe

    The League of Nations and the UN

    • The League of Nations, successor to the previous global order, aimed for international peace but was inefficient
    • Its failure to prevent further conflict led to the creation of the United Nations
    • The UN faced challenges from Cold War rivalries

    Decolonization

    • Decolonization resulted in the broad adoption of Westphalian-derived ideas about sovereignty
    • Indigenous elites successfully used nationalism in order to overcome Western political ideas
    • The collapse of the Soviet Union marked a change in the international order

    Current Issues

    • Globalization challenges national identities
    • The existence of failed/fragmenting states
    • Resurgence of radical nationalism/populism
    • Resurgence of crises such as the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the ongoing war in Ukraine
    • Economic crises, and market crises, are also significant elements of this new international order.

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    Description

    Explore the foundations of global politics starting from the Westphalian inter-state order to the rise of nationalism. This quiz will challenge your understanding of the first global world order and the impact of imperialism. Test your knowledge of key concepts and historical texts that shaped international relations.

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